Explore the selected studies behind each profile. Keep the study population, finding, and limitations together.
PepsRadar editorial summaries · Not reviewed by a medical professional · Selected coverage, not a systematic review. Source-check dates do not mean continuous monitoring.
Counts describe study cards in this library, not the total literature or a quality score. A paper may appear under more than one profile.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2018
5-Amino-1MQ · Animal and cell study
NNMT inhibition in diet-induced obesity
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Cultured adipocytes and mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity.
- Study design
- Membrane-permeability and enzyme-selectivity experiments followed by metabolic measurements in cells and a short mouse treatment experiment.
- Finding
- The investigators reported reduced fat synthesis in adipocytes and lower body weight, white-adipose mass, and cholesterol in treated obese mice, without a change in total food intake.
- Limits & context
- These experiments do not establish a human weight-loss effect, a clinical regimen, or long-term safety. Different counterions or formulations also need separate identity checks.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2019
5-Amino-1MQ · Related NNMT-pathway animal study
NNMT inhibition · aged muscle injury
What did a separate muscle-regeneration experiment test?
- Population / model
- 24-month-old mice with chemically induced tibialis-anterior injury, plus cultured mouse myoblasts.
- Study design
- Saline versus a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor for one or three weeks; stem-cell activity, muscle-fiber size, and contractile function measured.
- Finding
- Treated mice showed increased stem-cell proliferation and fusion, larger regenerating fibers, and approximately 70% higher peak torque than controls in the tested muscle.
- Interpretation
- This extends NNMT-pathway research beyond the earlier obesity model; it is not a human sarcopenia trial.
- Limits & context
- The abstract names the intervention as NNMTi without stating its exact chemical identity. Compound identity must be checked in the full methods before treating it as direct evidence for a specific 5-amino-1MQ product. Injury-model findings do not establish healthy-human strength or recovery.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2016
Abaloparatide · Human randomized trial
ACTIVE
Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
- Population / model
- 2,463 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
- Study design
- 18 months; blinded abaloparatide versus placebo, with an open-label teriparatide arm.
- Finding
- New vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were less frequent with abaloparatide than placebo, and bone mineral density increased. Hypercalcemia occurred in 3.4% with abaloparatide versus 6.4% with teriparatide.
- Limits & context
- The trial addresses fracture prevention in osteoporosis. The open-label comparator and selected population limit claims of universal superiority or benefit for healthy athletes.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2018
Abaloparatide · Human trial extension
ACTIVExtend · sequential treatment
Were fracture benefits maintained after switching to another medicine?
- Population / model
- 558 prior abaloparatide recipients and 581 prior placebo recipients who completed ACTIVE.
- Study design
- Both groups received alendronate for up to 24 months; outcomes were measured across the original trial and extension.
- Finding
- Across 43 months, new radiographic vertebral fractures occurred in 0.9% versus 5.6% of evaluable women, favoring the abaloparatide-to-alendronate sequence.
- Interpretation
- The absolute difference was 4.7 percentage points. The reported 84% relative reduction is a different measure.
- Limits & context
- Completer selection and sequential alendronate treatment limit attribution. This is not evidence for uninterrupted abaloparatide, general bone repair, or outcomes in healthy people.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2011
Adipotide · Animal study
Adipotide in obese nonhuman primates
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Obese Old World monkeys.
- Study design
- Animal intervention assessing weight, adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and safety measures.
- Finding
- The investigators reported reductions in body weight and adipose tissue, with improved insulin-resistance measures. Renal proximal-tubule changes were also observed.
- Limits & context
- Primate results do not establish human efficacy. The reported reversibility of kidney changes does not make them unimportant or prove clinical safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2015
Afamelanotide · Human randomized trials
Afamelanotide implants in erythropoietic protoporphyria
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 74 participants in the European trial and 94 in the US trial, all with EPP.
- Study design
- Two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled implant trials.
- Finding
- Pain-free sun exposure was longer with afamelanotide in both trials, and quality-of-life measures improved. Reported median exposure values differed considerably between the two study settings.
- Limits & context
- These findings are specific to EPP and the tested implants. They do not establish a safe cosmetic tanning regimen or interchangeability with Melanotan II.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2007
AHK-Cu · Human tissue (ex vivo) and cell study
AHK-Cu in cultured human hair follicles and dermal papilla cells
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Human scalp hair follicles maintained in culture and cultured human dermal papilla cells.
- Study design
- Follicle-elongation measurements in organ culture, cell-proliferation assays, flow-cytometry apoptosis labeling, and protein markers (Bcl-2/Bax ratio, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP).
- Finding
- Very low concentrations lengthened cultured follicles and increased dermal papilla cell growth. Protein markers pointed toward less apoptosis, although the drop in apoptotic cells itself was not statistically significant.
- Limits & context
- This was a single laboratory study using tissue and cells, not a clinical trial. It does not show hair regrowth in people, a useful product strength, or whether a topical product reaches the follicle.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2001
AOD-9604 · Animal / laboratory study
Fat oxidation experiment
Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment.
- Population / model
- Obese and lean mice, plus cells expressing the human growth-hormone receptor.
- Study design
- 14 days comparing AOD-9604, growth hormone, and saline; metabolic and receptor assays.
- Finding
- AOD-9604 reduced weight gain and increased fat oxidation in obese mice. Unlike growth hormone, it did not activate the tested growth-hormone receptor or produce the same glucose effects.
- Limits & context
- These animal results generated a hypothesis. They do not establish effective human obesity treatment, nor validate a commercial injectable preparation.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2015
AOD-9604 · Animal study
AOD9604 with and without hyaluronic acid in knee OA
Was cartilage damage affected in a chemically induced joint model?
- Population / model
- 32 mature rabbits with collagenase-induced knee osteoarthritis.
- Study design
- Four groups received joint injections of saline, hyaluronic acid, AOD9604, or their combination; morphology, histology, and lameness assessed.
- Finding
- The active groups had better reported cartilage-damage scores than saline. The combination group had better scores than either single agent and a shorter lameness period.
- Interpretation
- This is a distinct preclinical joint-research question. It does not overturn the limitations of the human weight-loss program.
- Limits & context
- Chemically induced rabbit OA and local joint exposure do not establish human cartilage regeneration, clinical arthritis benefit, or effective obesity treatment.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2012
ARA-290 · Human randomized pilot trial
Sarcoidosis-associated small-fiber neuropathy pilot
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 22 people with sarcoidosis and small-fiber neuropathy.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot over four weeks.
- Finding
- The small-fiber-neuropathy symptom score improved more with ARA-290. Brief Pain Inventory pain and fatigue measures improved similarly in both groups; depression did not change.
- Limits & context
- A small, short pilot cannot establish durable recovery. A positive neuropathy score should not be presented as a significant benefit on every measured pain or fatigue outcome.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2013
ARA-290 · Human placebo-controlled trial
ARA 290 · nerve-fiber outcomes
Did a later short study add objective nerve measures?
- Population / model
- Patients with sarcoidosis and documented small nerve-fiber loss; the abstract does not state the sample size.
- Study design
- Blinded placebo comparison over 28 days, assessing neuropathic symptoms, corneal nerve density, sensory testing, and walking capacity.
- Finding
- The report described improved neuropathic symptoms, increased corneal small nerve-fiber density, altered temperature sensitivity, and greater six-minute walking capacity.
- Interpretation
- An objective corneal measure complements symptom reports but is not proof of durable recovery throughout the nervous system.
- Limits & context
- The abstract omits effect sizes and participant count. Short follow-up and a specific disease setting limit generalization. Full methods and longer-term replication need review before making a disease-modifying claim.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2013
Argireline · Human randomized cosmetic trial
Argireline for peri-orbital wrinkles
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 60 Chinese participants with peri-orbital wrinkles.
- Study design
- Four-week randomized placebo-controlled study with a 3:1 active-to-placebo allocation.
- Finding
- The publication reported improved wrinkle grading and skin-roughness measurements with the Argireline formulation.
- Limits & context
- Short cosmetic follow-up cannot establish durable effects, all-serum equivalence, or equivalence to botulinum toxin injection.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Other evidence2021
Bivalirudin · Prespecified subgroup of a randomized trial
VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART STEMI subgroup
Did death, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding differ versus heparin?
- Population / model
- 3,005 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a prespecified VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART subgroup.
- Study design
- Randomized comparison of bivalirudin with heparin; approximately 90% radial access; contemporary antiplatelet treatment; 180-day outcomes.
- Finding
- The composite of death, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding occurred in 12.5% versus 13.0%: hazard ratio 0.95 (95% CI 0.78–1.17).
- Limits & context
- The composite comparison was not statistically significant. Access route, accompanying antiplatelet treatment, and subgroup context limit generalization to every procedure.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2014
BPC-157 · Rat tendon-cell study
Growth-hormone receptor experiment
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts.
- Population / model
- Fibroblasts isolated from rat Achilles tendons.
- Study design
- Cell-culture experiments measured growth-hormone receptor expression and responses to growth hormone.
- Finding
- BPC-157 increased receptor expression, and the treated cells showed a greater proliferative response to growth hormone.
- Limits & context
- A change in isolated cells is a possible mechanism, not a measured improvement in human tendon strength, pain, return to sport, or long-term safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2003
BPC-157 · Animal + cell study
Achilles tendon transection model
Did tissue and functional measures change after a surgically created tendon injury?
- Population / model
- Rats with transected Achilles tendons, with additional cultured tendon-cell experiments.
- Study design
- Controlled injury model with functional, mechanical, microscopic, and gross assessments over 14 days.
- Finding
- The treated animals had better reported tendon mechanics, functional scores, and tissue organization than controls. Cell experiments also examined responses to an inhibitor of cell growth.
- Interpretation
- This paper connects tissue observations with mechanical and functional measurements within a rat model.
- Limits & context
- An acute surgical injury in rats differs from human tendinopathy or rehabilitation. These findings do not establish a human recovery time, effective clinical treatment, or long-term safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2010
BPC-157 · Animal study
Medial collateral ligament healing
Was the repair signal also observed in a ligament injury model?
- Population / model
- Rats after surgical transection of the medial collateral ligament.
- Study design
- Controlled experiments with different administration routes and follow-up extending to 90 days.
- Finding
- The authors reported improvements in functional, mechanical, gross, and histological measures of ligament healing.
- Interpretation
- A ligament model broadens the preclinical questions beyond the earlier tendon experiment.
- Limits & context
- This remains animal evidence. Several routes studied in a model do not establish equivalent exposure, benefit, or safety in people.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
BPC-157 · Uncontrolled human pilot
BPC-157 · two-person safety pilot
What can the recent intravenous pilot establish?
- Population / model
- Two adults aged 58 and 68 who had both received intravenous BPC-157 before the study.
- Study design
- Single private-clinic pilot with blood tests, vital signs, and reported symptoms over three days; no comparator.
- Finding
- No reported side effects or measurable changes in the tested organ-function biomarkers were observed during the short monitoring period.
- Interpretation
- Two previously exposed participants provide a very limited observation, not evidence of general safety.
- Limits & context
- The study cannot detect uncommon or delayed harms, establish injury-healing efficacy, or validate research-use products. The authors’ broad safety conclusion exceeds what this design can establish. Larger controlled studies and pharmaceutical-quality identity checks remain necessary.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2019
Bremelanotide · Human randomized trial
RECONNECT
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.
- Population / model
- 1,267 premenopausal women randomized across two studies of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
- Study design
- Two double-blind 24-week studies comparing bremelanotide with placebo.
- Finding
- Desire scores improved and distress scores decreased more with treatment. Nausea, flushing, and headache were more frequent.
- Limits & context
- The endpoints were validated symptom scales. These results do not establish treatment for every cause of low desire, male erectile dysfunction, or general sexual performance.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Cagrilintide · Human phase 2 trial
Cagrilintide dose-finding study
Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial.
- Population / model
- 706 adults with obesity, or overweight with hypertension or dyslipidemia, without diabetes.
- Study design
- 26 weeks; placebo and liraglutide comparators; participants were not blinded between different active treatments.
- Finding
- Estimated mean weight reduction ranged from 6.0% to 10.8% across cagrilintide groups versus 3.0% with placebo in the trial-product analysis. Gastrointestinal and injection-site events were frequent.
- Limits & context
- This is monotherapy evidence. It cannot be presented as the result for CagriSema or for an unidentified seller blend; longer-term outcomes require separate studies.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
Cagrilintide · Human phase 3 randomized trial
REDEFINE 1 · CagriSema
What did the combination achieve in adults without diabetes?
- Population / model
- 3,417 adults with obesity, or overweight with an obesity-related complication, without diabetes.
- Study design
- 68-week blinded trial of the combination, each component separately, or placebo; all groups received lifestyle intervention.
- Finding
- Estimated weight change was −20.4% with the combination versus −3.0% with placebo under the treatment-policy analysis. Gastrointestinal events occurred in 79.6% versus 39.9%.
- Interpretation
- These headline results concern cagrilintide plus semaglutide, not cagrilintide alone.
- Limits & context
- The analysis includes treatment discontinuation. Different estimands can produce different headlines. It does not establish long-term cardiovascular benefit or equivalence to a seller blend. Funded by Novo Nordisk.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
Cagrilintide · Human phase 3 randomized trial
REDEFINE 2 · CagriSema in diabetes
How did the combination perform in a separate diabetes population?
- Population / model
- 1,206 adults with type 2 diabetes and BMI of at least 27.
- Study design
- 68-week blinded comparison of the combination with placebo, alongside lifestyle intervention; treatment-policy analysis.
- Finding
- Estimated weight change was −13.7% versus −3.4%. HbA1c of 6.5% or lower was reached by 73.5% versus 15.9%. Gastrointestinal events occurred in 72.5% versus 34.4%.
- Interpretation
- This population and comparator differ from REDEFINE 1; the percentages are not a direct head-to-head comparison.
- Limits & context
- Without separate component arms, this trial cannot isolate cagrilintide’s contribution. Weight and glucose endpoints do not prove longer survival or validate research-use mixtures. Funded by Novo Nordisk.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2000
Calcitonin salmon · Human randomized trial
PROOF
A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group.
- Population / model
- 1,255 postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis.
- Study design
- Five-year nasal-spray study; all groups also received calcium and vitamin D.
- Finding
- The prespecified middle-dose group had fewer new vertebral fractures than placebo: 51/287 versus 70/270; relative risk 0.67. The other dose groups did not significantly differ from placebo.
- Limits & context
- Only 511 participants completed five years. Attrition and the inconsistent dose response matter. Nasal-spray findings should not be transferred automatically to injectable products or every fracture type.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2012
Cerebrolysin · Human randomized trial
CASTA acute ischemic stroke trial
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 1,070 patients with acute ischemic stroke.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous treatment alongside standard care, with 90-day follow-up.
- Finding
- The confirmatory combined functional endpoint did not show a significant benefit. A post-hoc analysis suggested a signal in more severely affected participants.
- Limits & context
- A subgroup signal following a neutral primary result needs confirmation; it should not be substituted for the main trial outcome.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2016
Cerebrolysin · Human randomized trial
CARS · upper-limb recovery
What did the rehabilitation-focused trial find?
- Population / model
- Patients receiving early rehabilitation after stroke; 208 enrolled according to the publication’s full-text record.
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo comparison; 21-day treatment and standardized rehabilitation, beginning 24–72 hours after stroke. Primary outcome: Action Research Arm Test at day 90.
- Finding
- The reported Mann–Whitney estimator for the arm-test outcome was 0.71 (95% CI 0.63–0.79), favoring Cerebrolysin. Premature discontinuation was 3.8%.
- Interpretation
- A Mann–Whitney estimator of 0.71 is not a 71% cure or a 71% reduction in disability.
- Limits & context
- The authors called this exploratory and requested larger confirmation. Rehabilitation context and an arm-function endpoint differ from mortality outcomes. Read alongside CASTA and the evidence reviews rather than selecting only a favorable result.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Other evidence2023
Cerebrolysin · Systematic review of randomized trials
Cochrane stroke review · 2023
What did the broader review conclude about death and serious harms?
- Population / model
- Seven eligible trials with 1,773 participants; the review included a related peptide mixture, Cortexin, as well as Cerebrolysin.
- Study design
- Searches through May–June 2022; independent extraction, risk-of-bias assessment, and GRADE evidence ratings.
- Finding
- All-cause mortality RR was 0.96 (95% CI 0.65–1.41). For Cerebrolysin, non-fatal serious adverse events had RR 2.39 (95% CI 1.10–5.23), while total serious events did not clearly differ.
- Interpretation
- Mortality, total serious events, and non-fatal serious events are separate endpoints.
- Limits & context
- Eligibility required treatment started within 48 hours. Missing functional-outcome reporting and risk-of-bias concerns restrict conclusions. The mortality pool contains a related agent; do not attribute every pooled result exclusively to Cerebrolysin.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Other evidence2025
Cerebrolysin · Systematic review of randomized trials
Stroke meta-analysis · 2025
Does a newer favorable neurological-score result resolve the debate?
- Population / model
- 14 randomized trials totaling 2,884 patients with acute ischemic stroke.
- Study design
- Pooled neurological-score changes, functional independence, mortality, and harms; RoB 2 and GRADE assessments reported.
- Finding
- The abstract reported improved neurological-score change, but functional independence was not statistically significant: RR 1.31 (95% CI 0.90–1.91). Mortality and total serious adverse events also did not clearly differ.
- Interpretation
- A score change does not establish greater independence or survival.
- Limits & context
- Review eligibility and endpoint definitions differ from Cochrane. The abstract calls hemorrhagic-transformation results nonsignificant despite a confidence interval excluding 1; that inconsistency needs full-text and statistical review. It should not be used as settled evidence of safety or benefit.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2006
CJC-1295 · Human pharmacology trials
Long-acting CJC-1295
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults.
- Population / model
- Healthy adults aged 21–61.
- Study design
- Two randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled ascending-dose studies lasting 28 and 49 days.
- Finding
- Mean growth hormone rose two- to tenfold for at least six days; IGF-1 rose 1.5- to threefold for nine to eleven days after a single exposure. The estimated half-life was 5.8–8.1 days.
- Limits & context
- The endpoints were hormone concentrations. These were studies of long-acting CJC-1295, not proof of muscle gain or equivalence to products labeled “CJC no DAC.”
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2006
CJC-1295 · Human physiology study
Growth-hormone pulsatility after long-acting CJC-1295
Did longer-lasting stimulation preserve the pattern of GH pulses?
- Population / model
- Healthy men aged 20–40 years.
- Study design
- Overnight blood sampling every 20 minutes before and one week after a single administration of the albumin-binding, long-acting CJC-1295 preparation.
- Finding
- GH pulses persisted. Trough GH increased markedly, while mean GH and IGF-I also increased. Pulse frequency and magnitude were not significantly altered in the reported assessment.
- Interpretation
- A change in hormone secretion is a biological measurement. It does not itself show improved strength, injury recovery, body composition, or quality of life.
- Limits & context
- Short physiological follow-up in healthy men. These results concern the long-acting albumin-binding compound and should not be assigned automatically to products called “CJC without DAC.”
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2007
Cortistatin · Animal study
Cortistatin in collagen-induced arthritis
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- DBA/1J mice with collagen-induced arthritis.
- Study design
- Animal intervention with clinical, tissue, and inflammatory immune-response measurements.
- Finding
- The report described improved arthritis measures and reduced inflammatory responses, including changes in the Th1 response.
- Limits & context
- These findings do not establish reduced human joint damage or a clinically effective rheumatoid-arthritis treatment.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2010
Cosyntropin · Human randomized trial
Post-dural-puncture headache prophylaxis study
Did prophylaxis reduce headache after accidental dural puncture?
- Population / model
- 90 parturients after accidental dural puncture, studied after delivery.
- Study design
- Randomized comparison of cosyntropin with saline for prevention of post-dural-puncture headache.
- Finding
- Headache occurred in 33% versus 68.9%; epidural blood patches were required in 11.1% versus 28.9%. Among patients who developed headache, severity and duration were not significantly different.
- Limits & context
- This is a small study in a specific procedural setting. It does not establish broad headache treatment, and the prevention results should not be confused with treating an existing headache.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Degarelix · Human randomized trial
PRONOUNCE
Did cardiovascular events differ versus leuprolide?
- Population / model
- 545 patients with prostate cancer and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; planned enrollment was 900.
- Study design
- Randomized open-label comparison with leuprolide over 12 months; adjudicated cardiovascular endpoints; stopped early.
- Finding
- Major cardiovascular events occurred in 5.5% versus 4.1%: hazard ratio 1.28 (95% CI 0.59–2.79; P=0.53).
- Limits & context
- Early termination and fewer events than planned leave cardiovascular superiority unresolved. A nonsignificant comparison is not proof of equivalence.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2012
Desmopressin · Human randomized trial
Nocturia formulation study
Desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet effectively reduces nocturia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
- Population / model
- 757 adults in the intention-to-treat population, mostly with excessive nighttime urine production.
- Study design
- Four-week placebo-controlled study of an orally disintegrating formulation.
- Finding
- Nighttime voiding decreased and the first sleep period lengthened. Clinically important low sodium occurred in some treatment groups.
- Limits & context
- Formulation and patient selection matter. This study cannot supply instructions for a different desmopressin product, and fewer bathroom trips must be weighed against hyponatremia risk.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2021
Dihexa · Animal study
Dihexa in APP/PS1 mice
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- APP/PS1 mice in an experimental neurodegeneration model.
- Study design
- Animal intervention using water-maze behavior and neuronal, inflammatory, and signaling readouts.
- Finding
- The report described improved maze performance and changes in neuronal and inflammation-related measures.
- Limits & context
- A mouse task is not a demonstrated improvement in human memory, independence, or dementia progression.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2015
Dihexa · Animal laboratory study
Dihexa · zebrafish hair-cell protection
Was Dihexa examined outside cognition models?
- Population / model
- Larval zebrafish lateral-line sensory hair cells exposed to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
- Study design
- Drug-toxicity experiments testing Dihexa protection and inhibition of HGF-related signaling.
- Finding
- Dihexa reduced hair-cell damage in the tested model. HGF antagonism and inhibition of downstream pathways reduced the protective response.
- Interpretation
- This supports a model-specific mechanism hypothesis, not a treatment for human hearing loss.
- Limits & context
- Zebrafish hair cells and acute chemical injury differ from clinical hearing disorders. The study does not establish human cognitive benefit, therapeutic dosing, or long-term safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1992
DSIP · Small blinded human study
Chronic insomnia experiment
Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients. A double-blind study.
- Population / model
- 16 people with chronic insomnia.
- Study design
- Matched-pairs parallel groups; five laboratory nights including baseline, followed by three treatment nights.
- Finding
- Some objective sleep measures changed modestly, but subjective sleep quality did not improve. The authors considered major short-term therapeutic benefit unlikely.
- Limits & context
- The small sample, short duration, and partly placebo-driven differences limit confidence. The name “delta sleep-inducing peptide” is not itself evidence of an insomnia treatment.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1981
DSIP · Small human crossover study
DSIP · six-volunteer sleep experiment
How does an early sleep signal compare with the later insomnia trial?
- Population / model
- Six healthy volunteers, four men and two women.
- Study design
- Double-blind crossover experiment with placebo, short-term sleep monitoring, and subsequent-night measurements.
- Finding
- Median total sleep time increased 59% within a 130-minute observation interval. Shorter sleep onset and improved sleep efficiency were reported for the following night.
- Interpretation
- The percentage describes a short observation window, not a sustained increase in nightly sleep or successful treatment of chronic insomnia.
- Limits & context
- Six healthy participants and brief monitoring cannot establish long-term efficacy or uncommon harms. Read alongside the later 16-person insomnia study, which found limited benefit. Absence of observed side effects is not proof of safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2019
Dulaglutide · Human randomized trial
REWIND
Does treatment reduce cardiovascular events?
- Population / model
- 9,901 adults aged 50 or older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk factors.
- Study design
- Randomized, double-blind comparison with placebo added to existing care; median follow-up 5.4 years.
- Finding
- The combined outcome of cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack, or nonfatal stroke occurred in 12.0% with dulaglutide and 13.4% with placebo. Hazard ratio: 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.79–0.99).
- Interpretation
- The observed difference was 1.4 percentage points. The hazard ratio describes a 12% relative reduction in the event hazard, not a 12-percentage-point reduction in risk. All-cause mortality was not significantly different.
- Limits & context
- This was a cardiovascular-risk population with diabetes. The results do not establish a longevity benefit in healthy people. Gastrointestinal events were more frequent with dulaglutide.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Dulaglutide · Human randomized trial
AWARD-11
How did higher studied doses compare for glucose and weight?
- Population / model
- 1,842 adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin; mean starting HbA1c 8.6%.
- Study design
- Randomized 52-week trial comparing three dulaglutide dose groups; primary comparison at 36 weeks.
- Finding
- In the analysis including treatment discontinuation or rescue medication, HbA1c fell 1.77 percentage points in the 4.5-mg group versus 1.54 in the 1.5-mg group. Weight fell 4.6 kg versus 3.0 kg.
- Interpretation
- The 4.5-mg group had greater average reductions. The 3.0-mg group did not meet superiority over 1.5 mg for HbA1c in that analysis, although it did in the on-treatment analysis.
- Limits & context
- The comparator was another dulaglutide dose, not placebo or a different medicine. These are trial groups, not personal dosing instructions. Weight results in metformin-treated diabetes cannot simply be transferred to people without diabetes.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2022
Dulaglutide · Human randomized trial
AWARD-PEDS
What was found in younger people with type 2 diabetes?
- Population / model
- 154 participants aged 10 to under 18 with type 2 diabetes and BMI above the 85th percentile.
- Study design
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a 26-week primary comparison, followed by an open-label extension.
- Finding
- HbA1c rose 0.6 percentage points with placebo and fell 0.6 and 0.9 points in the two dulaglutide groups. HbA1c below 7% was reached by 51% of the pooled dulaglutide groups versus 14% with placebo.
- Interpretation
- Glucose control improved, but the groups did not differ in BMI change. A glucose-lowering result and a weight-loss result are different findings.
- Limits & context
- The study does not establish treatment for obesity alone, children under 10, or long-term cardiovascular outcomes in youth.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Efpeglenatide · Human randomized trial
AMPLITUDE-O
Did cardiovascular and renal events differ in high-risk diabetes?
- Population / model
- 4,076 adults with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, or kidney disease plus an additional cardiovascular risk factor.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled outcomes trial; median follow-up 1.81 years.
- Finding
- Major cardiovascular events occurred in 7.0% versus 9.2%: hazard ratio 0.73 (95% CI 0.58–0.92). The renal composite occurred in 13.0% versus 18.4%: hazard ratio 0.68.
- Limits & context
- These are findings in people with diabetes and elevated risk, not a longevity trial in healthy adults. Composite endpoints must be read with their component definitions. Sanofi funded the study.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Elamipretide · Human crossover trial + open extension
TAZPOWER
A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism.
- Population / model
- 12 participants with Barth syndrome in the blinded phase.
- Study design
- 12-week crossover periods with washout, then an open-label extension.
- Finding
- Neither primary endpoint—six-minute walking distance or symptom score—was met in the blinded phase. Improvements appeared in the extension, with eight participants reaching 36 weeks.
- Limits & context
- An uncontrolled extension is less reliable for attributing benefit. Read the later FDA decision separately: accelerated approval used knee-muscle strength and requires confirmation of clinical benefit.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2019
Elamipretide · Animal study
SS-31 · inflammatory memory model
What does the mouse cognition experiment establish?
- Population / model
- Mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and memory impairment.
- Study design
- Behavioral testing plus hippocampal mitochondrial, inflammatory, cell-death, and synaptic measurements.
- Finding
- Elamipretide improved the tested learning and memory outcomes alongside mitochondrial and synaptic measures.
- Interpretation
- Improvement after experimentally induced inflammation is distinct from preventing dementia or improving normal human memory.
- Limits & context
- The abstract does not provide group sizes or numerical treatment effects. Animal findings cannot establish perioperative cognitive benefit or safety in humans.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2003
Enfuvirtide · Human randomized trial
TORO-1
Did adding enfuvirtide improve viral-load and CD4 outcomes?
- Population / model
- 501 people with HIV and substantial prior antiretroviral treatment or resistance.
- Study design
- Randomized open-label comparison of enfuvirtide plus optimized background therapy with optimized background therapy alone; 24-week analysis.
- Finding
- Viral load fell by 1.696 versus 0.764 log10 copies per milliliter. CD4 counts increased by 76 versus 32 cells per cubic millimeter.
- Limits & context
- The treatment was added to an optimized regimen, so its use is not equivalent to monotherapy. Short-term viral and cell-count outcomes are distinct from long-term clinical outcomes.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2003
Epitalon · Human cells in culture
Telomerase experiment
Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells.
- Population / model
- Cultured human fetal fibroblasts without detectable baseline telomerase activity.
- Study design
- Laboratory exposure followed by assays of telomerase expression, activity, and telomere length.
- Finding
- The report described telomerase activation and telomere elongation.
- Limits & context
- “Human cells” does not mean human participants. This experiment measured cell biology, not cancer outcomes, functional aging, or lifespan in people.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2017
Exenatide · Human randomized trial
EXSCEL
Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
- Population / model
- 14,752 adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Study design
- Once-weekly exenatide versus placebo; cardiovascular outcomes followed over a median 3.2 years.
- Finding
- The main cardiovascular composite occurred in 11.4% versus 12.2%; hazard ratio 0.91 (95% CI 0.83–1.00). Noninferiority was met, but superiority was not (P=0.06).
- Interpretation
- The 0.8-percentage-point observed event difference is descriptive. The primary superiority test was not significant, so EXSCEL cannot be presented as a proven cardiovascular-event reduction.
- Limits & context
- Meeting a cardiovascular safety criterion is different from proving cardiovascular benefit. Results concern the once-weekly preparation and should not be relabeled as an obesity trial.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
Exenatide · Human phase 3 randomized trial
Phase 3 Parkinson disease trial
Did extended-release exenatide slow Parkinson motor progression?
- Population / model
- 194 people aged 25–80 with Parkinson disease were randomized equally at six UK hospitals; 188 had follow-up data included in analyses.
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo comparison for 96 weeks on top of dopaminergic treatment. The primary motor score was assessed off dopaminergic medication.
- Finding
- MDS-UPDRS part III off-medication scores worsened by 5.7 points with exenatide versus 4.5 with placebo. Adjusted treatment coefficient: 0.92 (95% CI −1.56 to 3.39; P=0.47). At least one serious adverse event occurred in 9% versus 11%.
- Interpretation
- The larger phase 3 study did not support a disease-modifying effect in this population. Earlier mechanistic or small-study signals should be read alongside this negative result.
- Limits & context
- This result concerns exenatide, the studied population, and the specified endpoint. It does not prove that every GLP-1 agent has identical neurological effects. A nonsignificant result also does not prove exact equivalence or absence of rare harms.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2015
Follistatin 344 · Related intervention · Human uncontrolled gene-therapy study
FS344 gene therapy in Becker muscular dystrophy
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Six men with Becker muscular dystrophy.
- Study design
- Uncontrolled phase 1/2a study of intramuscular AAV1.CMV.FS344 gene delivery.
- Finding
- Four participants improved their six-minute-walk distance, while two showed no improvement. No adverse effects were reported in this small study.
- Limits & context
- The lack of a concurrent control limits causal interpretation. Gene-delivery outcomes cannot be transferred to a protein vial, and six participants cannot exclude uncommon harms.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2020
Follistatin 344 · Human retrospective case series
Follistatin-344 listings · eye-harm signal
What safety signal has been reported after self-administration?
- Population / model
- 11 male bodybuilding athletes seen at one clinic with reduced vision after injections labeled follistatin-344.
- Study design
- Retrospective clinical records and retinal imaging; no comparison group.
- Finding
- Central serous chorioretinopathy was identified. Fluid resolved after an average 2.3 months in eight single-exposure cases; three multiple-exposure cases had recurrence.
- Interpretation
- This is an association and a reason to investigate, not a controlled estimate of causal risk.
- Limits & context
- Referral selection, lack of a denominator, possible confounding, and uncertain product identity prevent estimating incidence or proving causation. It supplies no evidence of muscle-building efficacy.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Other evidence2019
Follistatin 344 · Analytical product study
Follistatin-344 · product identity testing
Did the tested products contain what their labels claimed?
- Population / model
- 17 black-market products sold as follistatin formulations.
- Study design
- Protein detection methods using purification, electrophoresis, and immunoblotting.
- Finding
- Nine products contained follistatin; others included growth-promoting peptides. The nine positive products contained His-tagged FS344 with substantial oligomers.
- Interpretation
- A supplier label is not confirmation of protein identity, purity, or clinical equivalence.
- Limits & context
- This small historical sample is not a current supplier ranking or market-wide prevalence estimate. Detection does not demonstrate safety or effectiveness. A linked published erratum should also be consulted.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2017
FOXO4-DRI · Animal and cell study
FOXO4–p53 interference in senescent cells
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Senescent cells and naturally aged or accelerated-aging mice.
- Study design
- Mechanistic cell experiments and mouse interventions assessing senescence-associated changes and physical or organ-function measures.
- Finding
- The study reported senescent-cell apoptosis and improvements in selected mouse measures, including fitness, fur density, and kidney function.
- Limits & context
- Mouse aging measures are not proof of increased human lifespan, improved healthspan, or safe preventive use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2015
GHK · Rat behavioral study
GHK behavior study in rats
Did GHK alter anxiety-like behavior in rats?
- Population / model
- Male rats assessed in an elevated plus-maze experiment.
- Study design
- Preclinical comparison of GHK and sequence-related variants using behavioral measures.
- Finding
- GHK increased time spent in open arms, interpreted as an anxiety-like behavioral change. Sequence modifications produced different responses; the reported response was not simply linear across exposure.
- Limits & context
- An elevated plus-maze experiment does not establish anxiety treatment in people. Species, route, behavioral interpretation, and peptide identity all constrain translation.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2013
GHK-Cu · Animal / laboratory study
Irradiated wound model
Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on wound healing in an irradiated rat model.
- Population / model
- Rats with surgically created skin flaps after irradiation.
- Study design
- Topical GHK-Cu gel versus control ointment for ten days.
- Finding
- No significant difference was found in flap ischemia, blood-vessel measurements, or VEGF expression under the study’s analysis criteria.
- Limits & context
- This negative result belongs beside positive mechanistic claims. It does not settle all cosmetic questions, but it shows that a repair hypothesis may fail in a specific model.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research1993
GHK-Cu · Animal study
Connective-tissue accumulation in wound chambers
Which wound-tissue measures changed with the copper-peptide complex?
- Population / model
- Rats with implanted wound chambers.
- Study design
- Local GHK-Cu exposure compared with saline and a control tripeptide; wound contents and selected gene transcripts measured.
- Finding
- The investigators found concentration-dependent increases in collagen, total protein, DNA, and glycosaminoglycan accumulation. Type I and III collagen messenger RNA increased; TGF-beta messenger RNA did not.
- Interpretation
- The findings concern formation and accumulation of extracellular matrix in an experimental wound environment.
- Limits & context
- This is not a human wrinkle, hair-growth, or longevity trial. A local wound-chamber exposure cannot establish the performance of a cosmetic product or an injectable research preparation.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2001
Ghrelin · Human randomized crossover study
Ghrelin infusion and food intake
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Nine healthy volunteers.
- Study design
- Double-blind randomized crossover comparison of ghrelin infusion and saline, followed by appetite and buffet-intake measurements.
- Finding
- Energy intake was approximately 28% higher after ghrelin, and appetite ratings increased. The tested gastric-emptying measure did not change.
- Limits & context
- An acute study in nine healthy people does not establish a chronic disease benefit, sustained weight change, or effects in cachexia.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2005
GHRP-2 · Small human physiology study
Appetite and hormone experiment
Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men.
- Population / model
- Seven lean healthy men.
- Study design
- GHRP-2 and saline infusion conditions followed by a buffet meal.
- Finding
- Participants ate approximately 36% more during GHRP-2 exposure, and growth-hormone release increased. Every participant ate more in the active condition.
- Limits & context
- An acute meal response in seven men is not evidence for sustained body-composition improvement. Increased appetite may be relevant when interpreting weight-loss marketing.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1995
GHRP-6 · Human physiology experiment
Sleep and hormone experiment
Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates sleep, growth hormone, ACTH and cortisol release in normal man.
- Population / model
- Healthy male volunteers.
- Study design
- Repeated GHRP-6 or placebo administration with overnight hormone sampling and sleep EEG.
- Finding
- Growth hormone, ACTH, and cortisol increased. Stage-2 sleep increased; slow-wave sleep did not.
- Limits & context
- The response was not restricted to growth hormone. An overnight physiology study does not establish treatment for chronic insomnia, injury recovery, or long-term athletic performance.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1996
GHRP-6 · Human diagnostic study
GHRP-6 · diagnostic GH responses
Can a hormone response distinguish growth-hormone deficiency?
- Population / model
- Short-statured children and adults assessed for growth-hormone deficiency; participant counts are not supplied in the abstract.
- Study design
- Hormone-response comparisons after GHRP-6, including combined GHRH testing in selected groups.
- Finding
- Average responses were lower in deficient patients, but individual results overlapped substantially with controls. Markedly reduced responses were reported with pituitary stalk transection.
- Interpretation
- Different group averages do not automatically make a reliable individual diagnostic test.
- Limits & context
- Incomplete diagnostic-performance reporting prevents assessing sensitivity or specificity. A transient hormone response is not evidence of muscle gain, injury recovery, or a safe self-treatment regimen.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2016
Glucagon · Human randomized crossover trial
Nasal versus intramuscular glucagon
Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study.
- Population / model
- 75 adults with type 1 diabetes under supervised experimental hypoglycemia.
- Study design
- Each participant received the two formulations on separate study visits; glucose recovery was assessed within 30 minutes.
- Finding
- Success occurred in 98.7% of nasal visits versus 100% of intramuscular visits. Mean recovery times were 16 and 13 minutes, respectively.
- Limits & context
- This was a controlled rescue-treatment study, not a comparison of unsupervised use in every emergency. The nasal and injected products have different delivery systems.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2015
Glutathione · Human randomized trial
Oral glutathione and body stores
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 54 nonsmoking adults.
- Study design
- Six-month randomized double-blind placebo-controlled oral-supplementation study, with washout measurements.
- Finding
- Glutathione increased in measured blood and cellular compartments in the supplemented groups and returned toward baseline after washout.
- Limits & context
- Biomarker changes are different from demonstrated disease prevention, improved survival, or broad “detox” benefits.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1990
Gonadorelin · Human clinical series
Multicenter pulsatile GnRH clinical series
What outcomes were reported with pulsatile GnRH in hypothalamic amenorrhea?
- Population / model
- 109 women with primary or secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea.
- Study design
- Multicenter clinical series of pulsatile GnRH treatment; the abstract does not describe a randomized placebo-controlled comparison.
- Finding
- Reported ovulation rates were 91% in primary and 96% in secondary amenorrhea. Multiple pregnancies occurred in 12%; intravenous-line complications averaged 7%.
- Limits & context
- These are results from a clinical series, not a randomized estimate of benefit versus another treatment. Specialist monitoring and the precise diagnosis are part of the clinical context.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2018
HCG · Human randomized comparative trial
HCG and clomiphene in male hypogonadism
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Men with hypogonadism who wished to preserve fertility.
- Study design
- Randomized three-month comparison of HCG, clomiphene, and their combination.
- Finding
- Testosterone increased in all three groups, without a significant between-group difference. The combined group had a greater reported improvement in symptom scores.
- Limits & context
- Short-term hormonal and symptom outcomes should not be converted into pregnancy, live-birth, or long-term fertility claims.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1994
Hexarelin · Human physiology study
Early healthy-volunteer physiology study
Did hexarelin stimulate acute growth-hormone release?
- Population / model
- 12 healthy adult men.
- Study design
- Blinded placebo-controlled study examining acute hormone responses across studied exposures.
- Finding
- Growth hormone rose after hexarelin, peaked at roughly 30 minutes, and returned toward baseline by about 240 minutes.
- Limits & context
- The study did not establish changes in strength, body composition, injury recovery, or long-term clinical outcomes. Twelve volunteers and an acute observation window cannot resolve sustained benefit or safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review1993
HGH Fragment 176-191 · Related fragment · Animal tissue study
GH fragment 177-191 in rat adipose tissue
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Rat adipose-tissue preparations.
- Study design
- Laboratory comparison of a synthetic GH 177-191 fragment using fat-synthesis and glycerol-release measurements.
- Finding
- The fragment showed antilipogenic activity, but it did not significantly increase glycerol release as a lipolysis measure.
- Limits & context
- The selected study used a related fragment, not confirmed 176-191. It does not establish clinical fat loss or equivalence to AOD-9604.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1993
Human insulin · Human randomized trial
DCCT
The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
- Population / model
- 1,441 people with type 1 diabetes, with or without early retinopathy.
- Study design
- Intensive versus conventional diabetes treatment; average follow-up 6.5 years.
- Finding
- Intensive management reduced development of retinopathy by 76% in the primary-prevention group and slowed progression by 54% in the other group. Severe hypoglycemia was more frequent.
- Limits & context
- This tested a treatment strategy including monitoring, not one modern brand versus another. It demonstrates the tradeoff between complication reduction and hypoglycemia risk.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2001
Humanin · Neuronal cell experiments
Original rescue-factor report
A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and Abeta.
- Population / model
- Cultured neuronal cells exposed to familial Alzheimer-related genes or amyloid-beta.
- Study design
- Functional screening and experiments examining cell survival and peptide sequence.
- Finding
- Humanin protected against several tested Alzheimer-related cell-death mechanisms, but did not protect against every other insult examined.
- Limits & context
- Selective cell protection is an early biological finding. The study did not test memory, dementia progression, or survival in patients.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2009
Humanin · Animal / laboratory study
Humanin and insulin action
What metabolic effects were observed in preclinical experiments?
- Population / model
- Rodent metabolic experiments, including diabetic rats, with additional measurements of circulating humanin in humans and mice.
- Study design
- Insulin-clamp experiments and signaling inhibition tested central humanin and peripheral derivatives; age-related levels were also examined.
- Finding
- Humanin improved insulin sensitivity in the experiments. Blocking hypothalamic STAT-3 removed important effects. A potent analog reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats; measured humanin levels declined with age.
- Interpretation
- Human biomarker observations and rodent intervention results provide different kinds of evidence.
- Limits & context
- No human treatment trial was conducted. Derivatives are not interchangeable with native humanin. These findings do not demonstrate human diabetes treatment, dementia prevention, lifespan extension, or clinical safety.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research1994
IGF-1 DES · Animal tissue study
Des(1-3) IGF-1 in olfactory-bulb cultures
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Olfactory-bulb organ cultures from newborn rats.
- Study design
- Laboratory evaluation of des(1-3) IGF-1 and other growth-factor conditions using cellular and neuronal-marker measures.
- Finding
- The publication reported changes in cellular uptake, morphology, and neuronal markers, with stronger activity for the DES analogue on selected readouts.
- Limits & context
- These tissue-culture findings do not demonstrate muscle growth, strength, or safe use in people.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2002
IGF-1 LR3 · Animal study
Long-R3 IGF-1 and rat intestinal absorption
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Rats receiving seven-day experimental infusions.
- Study design
- Comparison of native IGF-1, long-R3 IGF-1, and vehicle, followed by jejunal tissue and absorption measurements.
- Finding
- Mucosal mass and absorption per length of intestine increased. The absorption difference was no longer significant when expressed relative to tissue weight.
- Limits & context
- The normalization matters: more tissue is different from greater function per unit of tissue. No human strength or athletic benefit was tested.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research1998
Ipamorelin · Animal / laboratory study
Secretagogue pharmacology
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue.
- Population / model
- Rat pituitary cells, rats, and pigs.
- Study design
- Hormone-release and receptor-antagonist experiments with other growth-hormone secretagogues as comparators.
- Finding
- Ipamorelin stimulated growth-hormone release. In pigs, its ACTH/cortisol response was lower than the responses seen with GHRP-2 and GHRP-6.
- Limits & context
- Selectivity in these models is not proof of endocrine safety in people. This paper did not measure human strength, recovery, body composition, or long-term harms.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2014
Ipamorelin · Human randomized trial
Postoperative ileus proof-of-concept trial
Did receptor stimulation speed gastrointestinal recovery after bowel surgery?
- Population / model
- 117 patients enrolled after bowel resection; 114 in the safety and modified intention-to-treat populations.
- Study design
- Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of intravenous ipamorelin during short postoperative treatment.
- Finding
- Median time to tolerating a standardized meal was 25.3 hours with ipamorelin and 32.6 hours with placebo (p=0.15). Key and secondary efficacy analyses did not show significant between-group differences.
- Interpretation
- A numerically shorter time is not the same as a demonstrated treatment effect. This trial should be retained when assessing claims about the compound.
- Limits & context
- Small proof-of-concept study with varied underlying conditions. This setting, route, and endpoint do not test muscle gain, fat loss, sleep improvement, or long-term use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2011
Kisspeptin-10 · Small human physiology study
LH secretion experiment
Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men.
- Population / model
- Healthy men in small bolus and infusion experiments.
- Study design
- Hormone sampling after kisspeptin-10; pulse analysis during infusions.
- Finding
- LH increased, and infusion changed LH pulse frequency and size. Testosterone also increased in the prolonged-infusion experiment.
- Limits & context
- These are reproductive-hormone endpoints, not pregnancy, live-birth, or sexual-function outcomes. Findings for kisspeptin-10 should not be conflated with trials of kisspeptin-54.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2014
Kisspeptin-54 · Human dose-ranging study
Kisspeptin-54 triggering of egg maturation
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 53 women undergoing IVF.
- Study design
- Dose-ranging administration of kisspeptin-54 after ovarian stimulation, with egg maturation, fertilization, and pregnancy follow-up.
- Finding
- Egg maturation was observed, and fertilization with embryo transfer occurred in 49 of 53 participants. The study reported 12 clinical pregnancies.
- Limits & context
- This was not a head-to-head comparison with a standard trigger. Clinical pregnancy is also different from a proven live-birth advantage.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2008
KPV · Cell and mouse experiments
PepT1 and intestinal inflammation
PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation.
- Population / model
- Intestinal epithelial and immune cells, plus two chemically induced mouse-colitis models.
- Study design
- Transport assays, inflammatory signaling measurements, and oral exposure in mice.
- Finding
- KPV uptake involved PepT1; inflammatory signaling and cytokine release decreased. Colitis measures improved in the mouse experiments.
- Limits & context
- The experiments support a transport/mechanism hypothesis. They do not establish clinical remission, mucosal healing, or a safe treatment regimen in people with inflammatory bowel disease.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2017
KPV · Animal / laboratory study
Targeted KPV nanoparticles
Did an engineered delivery system change experimental colitis outcomes?
- Population / model
- Intestinal cell experiments and a mouse colitis model.
- Study design
- KPV in hyaluronic-acid-coated nanoparticles within a hydrogel was compared with a nanoparticle system without the same targeting coating.
- Finding
- The targeted system delivered KPV to epithelial cells and macrophages. In mice, it reduced mucosal damage and TNF-alpha more strongly than the comparison delivery system.
- Interpretation
- Delivery technology was central to the experiment; these were not ordinary KPV capsules or vials.
- Limits & context
- This is preclinical evidence, not a clinical ulcerative-colitis trial. Cell compatibility does not establish human safety, and the findings cannot be transferred to a different formulation or route.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2016
L-Carnosine · Human randomized pilot trial
Carnosine in overweight and obese adults
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 30 overweight or obese adults without diabetes.
- Study design
- Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled pilot with 15 participants per group.
- Finding
- The supplemented group showed attenuation of increases in fasting insulin and insulin resistance. A subgroup analysis reported glucose-tolerance changes.
- Limits & context
- Small pilot and subgroup findings do not establish prevention of type 2 diabetes or treatment of neurological disease.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2014
Lanreotide · Human randomized trial
CLARINET
Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
- Population / model
- 204 patients with advanced, well/moderately differentiated, nonfunctioning, somatostatin-receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors. Tumors were grade 1 or 2 with Ki-67 below 10%; 96% of participants had no progression in the preceding three to six months.
- Study design
- Lanreotide versus placebo for up to 96 weeks.
- Finding
- Estimated progression-free survival at 24 months was 65.1% versus 33.0%; hazard ratio for progression or death 0.47. Overall survival and quality of life were not significantly different. The hazard ratio’s 95% CI was 0.30–0.73. Treatment-related diarrhea occurred in 26% versus 9%.
- Interpretation
- The 24-month estimates differ by 32.1 percentage points. The hazard ratio concerns progression or death during follow-up; it is not a percentage of patients cured. Median progression-free survival was not reached in the lanreotide group versus 18 months with placebo.
- Limits & context
- The tumor subtype and receptor status are essential. Slowing progression is not the same as curing cancer, and cannot be generalized to unrelated tumors.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2015
Larazotide · Human randomized trial
Larazotide celiac-disease phase 2 trial
Did persistent celiac symptoms improve while participants maintained a gluten-free diet?
- Population / model
- 342 adults with celiac disease and persistent symptoms after at least 12 months on a gluten-free diet.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 12-week trial with run-in and follow-up periods; three active-treatment groups.
- Finding
- One active-treatment group met the primary symptom endpoint; the other two did not show improvement on that endpoint. Safety was comparable with placebo during the trial.
- Limits & context
- A nonuniform response across groups makes simple dose-response claims inappropriate. Symptom scores are different from demonstrating prevention of long-term complications.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1984
Leuprolide · Human randomized trial
Historical prostate-cancer comparison
Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer.
- Population / model
- 199 patients with previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer.
- Study design
- Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol, with crossover permitted on progression or intolerable effects.
- Finding
- Hormonal suppression and overall response were similar; adverse-effect patterns differed. One-year survival was not significantly different.
- Limits & context
- This is historical evidence against an older comparator, not a ranking of today’s treatment options. Prostate-cancer findings do not establish benefit for every other leuprolide indication.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2011
Linaclotide · Human randomized trial
Chronic constipation trials
Two randomized trials of linaclotide for chronic constipation.
- Population / model
- 1,276 patients across two trials.
- Study design
- Twelve-week blinded comparisons of two linaclotide groups with placebo.
- Finding
- The sustained complete-spontaneous-bowel-movement endpoint was met by roughly 16–21% of treated participants versus 3–6% with placebo across trials.
- Limits & context
- A responder had both sufficient bowel frequency and improvement from baseline over most study weeks. This is a defined constipation endpoint, not evidence of general intestinal “repair.”
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2016
Liraglutide · Human randomized trial
LEADER
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
- Population / model
- 9,340 adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk.
- Study design
- Liraglutide versus placebo added to standard care; median follow-up 3.8 years.
- Finding
- The cardiovascular composite occurred in 13.0% versus 14.9%; hazard ratio 0.87 (95% CI 0.78–0.97). Gastrointestinal events were the commonest reason for stopping treatment.
- Limits & context
- The 1.9-percentage-point difference describes this population and follow-up. This was not a trial of otherwise healthy people or the separate weight-management product indication.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2015
Liraglutide · Human randomized trial
SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes
Did weight change in adults without type 2 diabetes?
- Population / model
- 3,731 adults with obesity, or overweight with dyslipidemia or hypertension; 61.2% had prediabetes.
- Study design
- 56-week double-blind placebo comparison with lifestyle counseling in both groups.
- Finding
- Mean weight reduction was 8.4 kg versus 2.8 kg. At least 5% weight loss occurred in 63.2% versus 27.1%. Nausea and diarrhea were common; serious events occurred in 6.2% versus 5.0%.
- Interpretation
- This evaluates weight management, whereas LEADER evaluates cardiovascular events in diabetes.
- Limits & context
- The analysis used last-observation-carried-forward imputation. Trial regimen, population, and duration differ from other GLP-1 trials, preventing simple cross-trial rankings. Funded by Novo Nordisk.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2015
Lixisenatide · Human randomized trial
ELIXA
Did cardiovascular events differ after a recent coronary event?
- Population / model
- 6,068 people with type 2 diabetes and an acute coronary event in the preceding 180 days.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled cardiovascular-outcomes study; median follow-up 25 months.
- Finding
- The primary cardiovascular composite occurred in 13.4% with lixisenatide and 13.2% with placebo: hazard ratio 1.02 (95% CI 0.89–1.17). Noninferiority was established; superiority was not.
- Limits & context
- The finding supports cardiovascular safety within the trial’s prespecified framework. It does not establish cardiovascular benefit. Heart-failure hospitalization and mortality were not significantly different. Sanofi funded the trial.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2024
Lixisenatide · Human phase 2 randomized trial
LIXIPARK · early Parkinson disease
Did motor-disability progression differ in early Parkinson disease?
- Population / model
- 156 people diagnosed less than three years earlier, receiving stable symptomatic medication and without motor complications.
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled trial over 12 months, followed by a two-month washout. The primary motor-score endpoint was assessed in the on-medication state.
- Finding
- MDS-UPDRS part III changed by −0.04 points with lixisenatide versus +3.04 with placebo; difference 3.08 points (95% CI 0.86–5.30). Nausea occurred in 46% and vomiting in 13% of lixisenatide recipients.
- Interpretation
- This phase 2 motor-score result is a distinct question from ELIXA cardiovascular safety in diabetes.
- Limits & context
- Other secondary outcomes did not differ substantially. Larger and longer trials are needed; this is not proof of cure, prevention, or an established Parkinson indication.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
LL-37 · Human phase 2b trial
HEAL LL-37
Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.
- Population / model
- 148 people with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers.
- Study design
- Topical LL-37 versus placebo, alongside compression therapy.
- Finding
- The full study population showed no significant healing improvement. A post hoc subgroup with larger ulcers showed signals of benefit.
- Limits & context
- A subgroup found after the main analysis is hypothesis-generating. Topical tolerability cannot establish the safety of systemic injection or prove antimicrobial benefit for unrelated infections.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2014
LL-37 · Human randomized trial
LL-37 · first topical ulcer trial
Did the early wound-healing signal persist in larger research?
- Population / model
- 34 people with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers.
- Study design
- Placebo run-in, four-week double-blind treatment with three topical concentrations or placebo, and four-week follow-up.
- Finding
- The lowest concentration had a significantly higher healing-rate constant than placebo (P=0.003); the middle comparison did not reach significance (P=0.088). The highest concentration showed no healing difference.
- Interpretation
- Within-group wound reduction and a treatment-versus-placebo comparison answer different questions.
- Limits & context
- Small sample and short follow-up limit confidence. The later 148-person trial did not improve healing overall. These topical findings do not establish systemic antimicrobial efficacy or safe injectable use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2005
Matrixyl · Human randomized cosmetic trial
Pal-KTTKS split-face trial
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 93 women aged 35–55.
- Study design
- Twelve-week randomized double-blind split-face comparison of moisturizer with and without pal-KTTKS.
- Finding
- Wrinkle and fine-line grading favored the peptide-containing formulation, which was reported as well tolerated.
- Limits & context
- The result applies to this formulation and cosmetic follow-up. It does not establish an injection treatment or verify every product using the Matrixyl name.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
Mazdutide · Human randomized trial
GLORY-1
How did weight change versus placebo in GLORY-1?
- Population / model
- 610 Chinese adults aged 18–75 with obesity, or overweight and an associated condition.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 study with two mazdutide groups; 48-week follow-up.
- Finding
- At week 32, mean weight change was −10.09% and −12.55% in the mazdutide groups versus +0.45% with placebo. At week 48, the corresponding changes were −11.00%, −14.01%, and +0.30%.
- Limits & context
- The study population and analysis are specific to this trial. It was not a head-to-head comparison with semaglutide or tirzepatide. The trial was funded by Innovent.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1996
Melanotan II · Human phase 1 pilot
Early pigmentation study
Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study.
- Population / model
- Three healthy male volunteers.
- Study design
- Single-blind pilot with alternating saline and active exposure.
- Finding
- Pigmentation increased in two participants. Nausea, fatigue/somnolence, and prolonged spontaneous erections were reported.
- Limits & context
- Three volunteers cannot establish uncommon risks or durable safety. Pigmentation is not evidence of protection against ultraviolet injury or skin cancer.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2014
MGF · Cell study with negative replication findings
MGF peptide replication in muscle cells
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- C2C12 cells, primary human muscle myoblasts, and primary mouse muscle stem cells.
- Study design
- Laboratory attempts to reproduce proposed proliferation, differentiation, and signaling effects using MGF peptides and IGF-1-related controls.
- Finding
- MGF did not increase proliferation or inhibit differentiation in the tested systems. IGF-1 and full-length IGF-1Eb produced proliferative responses; tested MGF peptides also failed to demonstrate the proposed signaling response.
- Limits & context
- Negative replication challenges broad muscle-regeneration claims. It does not prove that every splice product or future preparation lacks activity in all settings.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2008
MK-677 · Human randomized trial
Ibutamoren in healthy older adults
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 65 healthy adults aged 60–81.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind modified-crossover study over two years, with principal comparisons at one year.
- Finding
- Fat-free mass increased with ibutamoren versus placebo, but strength and function did not improve. Fasting glucose increased and insulin sensitivity decreased.
- Limits & context
- More fat-free mass does not establish stronger muscles, improved independence, or a longevity benefit.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2011
MK-677 · Human phase 2 randomized trial
Ibutamoren after hip fracture
Did a higher IGF-1 level translate into functional recovery?
- Population / model
- 123 older patients recovering from hip fracture.
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled trial reporting 24-week functional and IGF-1 outcomes; stopped early.
- Finding
- IGF-1 increased, but most functional measures did not improve. Gait speed improved while the stair-climbing difference was not statistically significant. A congestive-heart-failure safety signal led to early termination.
- Interpretation
- A hormone biomarker increase is not equivalent to improved strength or recovery.
- Limits & context
- Early stopping limits inference. The safety signal concerns this vulnerable population and cannot quantify risk in healthy users. This small molecule is not a peptide, and the study does not establish safe recreational use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2005
Modified GRF 1-29 · Related conjugate · Animal and cell study
Albumin-binding GRF conjugates and CJC-1295
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Cultured rat anterior-pituitary cells and male rats.
- Study design
- Synthesis and testing of maleimido GRF derivatives, albumin conjugation, hormone-release assays, and rat pharmacokinetic measurements.
- Finding
- The conjugates remained active in hormone-release experiments. The selected CJC-1295 conjugate showed extended circulating exposure and albumin association.
- Limits & context
- These are related-conjugate findings. They do not establish the half-life, effectiveness, or safety of a product labeled Modified GRF 1-29 without DAC.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2015
MOTS-c · Animal / laboratory study
Metabolic homeostasis study
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.
- Population / model
- Cell systems and mouse models of aging or high-fat feeding.
- Study design
- Mechanistic metabolic assays and treatment experiments in mice.
- Finding
- MOTS-c affected folate/purine metabolism and AMPK signaling; treated mice were protected against some insulin-resistance and obesity phenotypes.
- Limits & context
- A mitochondrial origin does not establish a safe supplement or exercise replacement. This study did not test clinical weight loss or diabetes outcomes in humans.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2021
MOTS-c · Human observations + mouse experiments
Exercise-associated signaling and mouse physical performance
Were people given MOTS-c, or was their own peptide measured after exercise?
- Population / model
- Human exercise observations, cultured muscle cells, and young, middle-aged, and old mice.
- Study design
- The human component measured endogenous MOTS-c responses to exercise; administration experiments and late-life treatment were performed in mice.
- Finding
- Exercise increased endogenous MOTS-c in human muscle and circulation. In mice, administered MOTS-c improved reported physical-performance measures across age groups; late-life experiments examined physical capacity and healthspan.
- Interpretation
- The human observations and mouse interventions answer different questions. An exercise-associated biomarker change does not show that injecting the peptide improves human fitness.
- Limits & context
- The abstract does not report a randomized human MOTS-c treatment trial. Mouse physical-capacity or healthspan results cannot be relabeled as human lifespan extension.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2008
N-Acetyl Selank · Related parent compound · Human comparative report
Parent Selank compared with medazepam
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 62 patients with generalized anxiety or neurasthenia in the parent-Selank report.
- Study design
- Clinical comparison of Selank with medazepam using psychometric measures. Randomization and blinding were not established from the abstract.
- Finding
- The parent-Selank report described similar anxiety-symptom responses across the compared treatments.
- Limits & context
- The intervention was parent Selank. Its report cannot confirm efficacy or safety of N-Acetyl Selank, and abstract-only methods limit interpretation.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2016
NA-Semax Amidate · Related modification · Chemical and cell study
Acetylated Semax metal-complex experiments
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Chemical systems and SH-SY5Y cells.
- Study design
- Comparison of Semax-related metal complexes and cellular toxicity or ion-response measurements.
- Finding
- Acetylation changed the metal-complex context but did not protect against copper-associated toxicity in the tested cells. Zinc-related cellular responses were also examined.
- Limits & context
- The tested acetylated compound is related evidence, not confirmation of the full amidated variant or human cognitive benefit.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2019
NAD+ · Human metabolic pilot study
Metabolic fate of intravenous NAD+
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Human volunteers in an intravenous-infusion pilot.
- Study design
- Plasma and urine metabolite measurements during a six-hour infusion period.
- Finding
- The investigators did not observe an initial plasma increase during the first two hours. Urinary NAD+ and methyl-nicotinamide increased over the infusion period.
- Limits & context
- This was a metabolic-fate experiment, not a controlled clinical efficacy trial. It cannot establish anti-aging or cognitive benefit.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2006
Nesfatin-1 · Animal study
Discovery of nesfatin-related satiety signaling
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Rats used in central feeding-regulation experiments.
- Study design
- Identification of hypothalamic NUCB2-related signaling followed by acute and repeated central administration experiments.
- Finding
- Central administration reduced food intake, and repeated administration changed weight-related measures in the experimental setting.
- Limits & context
- Brain-administered animal results cannot establish effectiveness or exposure after peripheral administration in humans.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2025
Neuropeptide Y · Animal neurocircuit study
NPY-associated feeding circuits in mice
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Mice in genetic and chemogenetic feeding-circuit experiments.
- Study design
- Manipulation of PNOC/NPY-associated neuronal activity and expression, with feeding and weight-related measurements.
- Finding
- The report linked NPY-associated expression and neuronal activation to increased feeding and weight gain in the tested models.
- Limits & context
- This is not an NPY administration trial in humans. It does not establish a weight-loss therapy or universal effects across NPY receptor pathways.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2026
Nisotirostide · Human phase 1 study with separate preclinical experiments
Discovery-to-clinic phase 1 study
What early safety and weight signals were reported alone and alongside dulaglutide?
- Population / model
- 65 participants in the phase 1 study, including healthy participants and participants with type 2 diabetes already receiving dulaglutide. The abstract does not give subgroup sizes.
- Study design
- Single subcutaneous administration across a range of study exposures; safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic assessments. Laboratory and mouse experiments were separate parts of the development program.
- Finding
- Mean weight difference versus placebo was −0.75 kg with nisotirostide alone, which was not statistically significant. Added to dulaglutide, a difference of up to −2.58 kg versus dulaglutide alone was reported (P<0.05). Nausea and vomiting were the most common adverse events, described as dose-dependent and mild to moderate.
- Interpretation
- The human results are reported in kilograms. The paper’s reductions of up to 12% alone and 31% in combination refer to mice; those percentages are not human weight-loss outcomes.
- Limits & context
- Small, early, single-administration research cannot establish sustained effectiveness or long-term safety. Follow-up duration, subgroup sizes, confidence intervals, and detailed allocation methods are not supplied in the abstract. A pharmacokinetic rationale for weekly development is not an established treatment schedule.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2009
Octreotide · Human randomized trial
PROMID
Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group.
- Population / model
- 85 patients with metastatic, well-differentiated midgut neuroendocrine tumors.
- Study design
- Long-acting octreotide versus placebo; planned interim analysis.
- Finding
- Median time to tumor progression was 14.3 versus 6 months, with a hazard ratio of 0.34.
- Limits & context
- Too few deaths had occurred for a confirmatory survival conclusion. Tumor-growth control and relief of hormone-related symptoms are distinct outcomes; tumor subtype remains central.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research1998
Orexin-A · Animal discovery study
Orexin discovery and feeding experiments
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Rat brain preparations and rats in feeding experiments.
- Study design
- Peptide and receptor identification, precursor-expression measurements, and central-administration experiments.
- Finding
- Central orexin administration promoted feeding, and fasting increased precursor expression in the reported experiments.
- Limits & context
- The featured discovery paper does not establish treatment of insomnia, narcolepsy, or human performance enhancement.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2018
Oxytocin · Human randomized trial
Route comparison after vaginal birth
Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial.
- Population / model
- 1,075 women randomized; 1,035 included in analyses at an Irish maternity unit.
- Study design
- Intravenous versus intramuscular oxytocin with matching placebo injections.
- Finding
- The primary bleeding endpoint was not significantly different. Severe postpartum bleeding, a secondary endpoint, occurred in 4.6% versus 8.1%, favoring intravenous administration.
- Limits & context
- Both groups received oxytocin under clinical supervision. This addresses route selection after delivery, not bonding, mood, or unsupervised nasal-spray use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Oxytocin · Human phase 2 randomized trial
SOARS-B · intranasal oxytocin
Did social functioning improve in children and adolescents with autism?
- Population / model
- 290 participants aged 3–17; 277 contributed to the modified intention-to-treat analysis.
- Study design
- 24-week placebo-controlled intranasal trial, stratified by age and verbal fluency.
- Finding
- The primary social-withdrawal score changed by −3.7 versus −3.5 points; difference −0.2 (95% CI −1.5 to 1.0), P=0.61. Secondary outcomes generally did not differ. Adverse-event frequency and severity were similar.
- Interpretation
- The larger trial did not show benefit on its measured social or cognitive outcomes.
- Limits & context
- These results concern the studied population, formulation, and duration. They do not establish a general bonding or cognitive-enhancement effect, nor determine outcomes in every other clinical setting.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2014
P21 · Related candidate · Animal study
P021 in aged rats
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Aged Fischer rats, approximately 22–24 months old.
- Study design
- Oral P021 intervention with learning, memory, and brain-marker measurements.
- Finding
- The report described improved learning and memory measures with changes in BDNF, neurogenesis, and synaptic markers in aged rats.
- Limits & context
- P021 evidence is related candidate evidence until the P21 preparation’s identity is verified. Animal cognition measures also do not establish a human benefit.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
PACAP-38 · Human randomized provocation study
PACAP-38 challenge after eptinezumab or placebo
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 38 participants with migraine without aura, 19 in each pretreatment group.
- Study design
- Randomized eptinezumab-versus-placebo pretreatment followed by intravenous PACAP-38 challenge.
- Finding
- Migraine occurred in 10 of 19 versus 12 of 19 participants; the difference was not significant (P=0.74). Headache was common after the challenge.
- Limits & context
- The small provocation study does not establish therapeutic benefit of PACAP-38 or a definitive clinical prevention strategy.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2012
Pasireotide · Human randomized trial
Pasireotide Cushing disease phase 3 study
How many participants achieved cortisol control, and what harms occurred?
- Population / model
- 162 adults with Cushing disease.
- Study design
- Double-blind phase 3 comparison of two pasireotide regimens, with an open-label period through 12 months; no placebo arm.
- Finding
- At month six, urinary cortisol normalized without an increase in the assigned regimen in 12 of 82 and 21 of 80 participants. Hyperglycemia-related adverse events occurred in 118 of 162; 74 started glucose-lowering medication.
- Limits & context
- A biochemical response in a subset is not a cure for every patient. The trial compared two regimens rather than treatment with placebo. Novartis funded the study.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2017
PE-22-28 · Cell and animal study
Shortened spadin analogs in TREK-1 cells and mouse depression models
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Cell lines expressing human TREK-1, mouse cortical neurons, and mice in behavioral depression models.
- Study design
- Patch-clamp channel experiments, then mouse forced-swim and novelty-suppressed feeding tests, neurogenesis and synapse-marker measurements, and duration-of-action comparisons with spadin.
- Finding
- The authors reported stronger and more selective TREK-1 inhibition than spadin, less immobility in the forced-swim test, a shorter latency to feed after four days, more neurogenesis and synapse-marker expression, and action lasting up to about 23 hours in mice versus about 7 hours for spadin.
- Limits & context
- Mouse behavior tests are screening models, not a diagnosis of depression. The work comes from the group that discovered spadin, has not been confirmed in human trials, and does not establish a safe or effective use in people.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2013
PEG-MGF · Related-compound cell study
MGF replication experiment
Mechano-growth factor peptide, the COOH terminus of unprocessed insulin-like growth factor 1, has no apparent effect on myoblasts or primary muscle stem cells.
- Population / model
- Human and mouse muscle-cell systems and primary muscle stem cells.
- Study design
- Attempts to reproduce published claims using MGF fragments; IGF-1 served as a positive comparator.
- Finding
- The tested MGF peptides did not increase proliferation or inhibit differentiation as claimed. IGF-1 produced responses in the comparison experiments.
- Limits & context
- This is not a clinical trial of PEG-MGF. Endogenous IGF-1 splice variants, isolated fragments, and pegylated seller preparations are different materials.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
Pemvidutide · Human randomized trial
IMPACT
Did MASH resolve and did fibrosis improve?
- Population / model
- 212 adults with biopsy-confirmed MASH and F2 or F3 fibrosis.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled phase 2b study; this publication reports the 24-week analysis of a planned 48-week trial.
- Finding
- MASH resolution without worsening fibrosis occurred in 58% and 52% of the pemvidutide groups versus 20% with placebo. Fibrosis improvement without worsening MASH was 33% and 36% versus 28%; these fibrosis comparisons were not statistically significant.
- Limits & context
- Short-term biopsy outcomes are different from cirrhosis prevention, transplantation, or survival. A positive MASH-resolution result does not turn the nonsignificant fibrosis outcome into a proven benefit. Altimmune funded the trial.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Other evidence2020
Peptide bioregulators (Khavinson peptides) · Review by the originating research group
Review: short peptides and cell differentiation
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Cell cultures, tissue explants and laboratory animals, as summarized by the originating research group.
- Study design
- Narrative review of the group's own and related research on short peptides and stem-cell or tissue-cell differentiation.
- Finding
- The review reports that particular short peptides were associated with differentiation of nerve, lung, pancreatic, immune and bone-forming cells in laboratory models, and describes proposed gene and chromatin mechanisms.
- Limits & context
- The evidence is concentrated in one research network, much of it in Russian-language journals, with few independent replications and few controlled human trials. A narrative review by the originating group is not a systematic review, and seller product names may not match the exact compounds studied.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2014
Peptide YY · Human randomized crossover study
PYY3-36 with and without GLP-1
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 25 overweight healthy men.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind four-condition crossover comparing PYY3-36, GLP-1, their combination, and placebo.
- Finding
- Neither individual infusion significantly reduced food intake in this experiment. The combination reduced intake by 30.4%; nausea increased slightly.
- Limits & context
- An acute combined-hormone effect cannot be transferred to PYY alone or interpreted as sustained weight loss.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2011
Pinealon · Cell study
Pinealon under oxidative stress
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Cell preparations exposed to experimental oxidative stress.
- Study design
- Laboratory comparisons of cellular stress, viability, ERK signaling, and cell-cycle measures with Pinealon exposure.
- Finding
- The report described lower reactive oxygen species and necrotic cell death, alongside changes in signaling and cell-cycle responses.
- Limits & context
- The study does not establish improved human memory, dementia prevention, or a clinically useful neuroprotective treatment.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2017
Plecanatide · Human randomized trial
Phase 3 constipation study
A Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Plecanatide, a Uroguanylin Analog, in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Constipation.
- Population / model
- 1,394 people with chronic idiopathic constipation.
- Study design
- Twelve-week blinded study of two plecanatide groups versus placebo, using daily bowel diaries.
- Finding
- Durable complete-spontaneous-bowel-movement response occurred in 21.0% and 19.5% versus 10.2% with placebo. Diarrhea occurred in about 6% versus 1.3%.
- Limits & context
- A higher response rate does not mean everyone responds. This adult constipation trial does not remove pediatric restrictions or apply to bowel obstruction.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Cell experiments2010
PNC-27 · Cell study
Labeled PNC-27 in breast cancer and non-cancer breast cells
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and untransformed MCF-10-2A breast epithelial cells in culture.
- Study design
- The peptide carried a different fluorescent label at each end so investigators could track whether it stayed intact in the membranes of cancer and non-cancer cells over time.
- Finding
- In the cancer cells, intact peptide collected in the membrane and the cells broke apart. In the non-cancer cells, the signal faded and the cells stayed alive. The authors concluded that the whole peptide, not its fragments, causes the membrane damage.
- Limits & context
- One pair of cell lines in culture cannot predict effects in a body, where delivery, breakdown, immune reactions and tumor variety matter. Most PNC-27 studies come from one research group, and no human efficacy or safety data exist.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2006
Pramlintide · Human randomized trial
Adjunct-to-insulin trial
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing pramlintide treatment in the setting of intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes.
- Population / model
- 296 people with type 1 diabetes.
- Study design
- Twenty-nine weeks; pramlintide or placebo with actively adjusted insulin therapy.
- Finding
- HbA1c declined by 0.5 percentage points in both groups. Weight changed by −1.3 kg with pramlintide versus +1.2 kg with placebo. Post-meal glucose excursions improved more with pramlintide. Nausea occurred in 63% versus 36%; severe hypoglycemia event rates were 0.57 versus 0.30 per patient-year.
- Interpretation
- A severe-hypoglycemia event rate counts events over time and is not the percentage of participants affected. Improvements in post-meal glucose and weight did not translate into superior HbA1c reduction in this trial.
- Limits & context
- The glucose-management protocol included clinician-directed insulin adjustment. A favorable meal-glucose finding should not be described as superior HbA1c reduction or used as a self-treatment protocol.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2017
PTD-DBM · Animal, cell, and human-tissue study
CXXC5–Dishevelled interference and hair regeneration
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- Human scalp tissue and dermal-papilla cells, with mouse genetic and regeneration models.
- Study design
- Mechanistic tissue and cell experiments alongside animal experiments using genetic manipulation and peptide competition.
- Finding
- The investigators reported changes in Wnt-associated signaling and hair-regrowth or follicle-generation measures in the experimental models.
- Limits & context
- There was no controlled human treatment trial demonstrating hair restoration in the selected publication.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2023
Retatrutide · Human phase 2 trial
Triple-receptor obesity trial
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial.
- Population / model
- 338 adults with obesity, or overweight with a weight-related condition.
- Study design
- Forty-eight-week randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study; primary endpoint at 24 weeks.
- Finding
- At 48 weeks, average weight reduction reached 24.2% in the highest studied group versus 2.1% with placebo. Gastrointestinal events and dose-related heart-rate increases were reported.
- Limits & context
- This early efficacy trial does not establish long-term outcomes or verify commercial “R” products. Study doses describe the trial, not instructions for using research chemicals.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2023
Retatrutide · Human randomized trial
Phase 2 trial in type 2 diabetes
What did the separate diabetes trial add to the obesity findings?
- Population / model
- 281 adults with type 2 diabetes randomized; 275 included in efficacy analyses.
- Study design
- Double-blind phase 2 study with placebo and dulaglutide 1.5 mg comparators. Primary endpoint: HbA1c change at 24 weeks; follow-up continued to 36 weeks.
- Finding
- At 24 weeks, mean HbA1c reductions ranged from 0.43 to 2.02 percentage points across retatrutide groups, versus 0.01 with placebo and 1.41 with dulaglutide. All but the lowest retatrutide group outperformed placebo on that endpoint. Gastrointestinal adverse events were reported.
- Interpretation
- This study supports a glucose-control research question in diabetes; it is separate from the 338-participant obesity study.
- Limits & context
- Phase 2 size and duration limit conclusions about uncommon harms and long-term outcomes. Not every retatrutide group outperformed the active comparator. Trial findings do not authenticate coded “R” seller listings. Funded by Eli Lilly.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2026
Retatrutide · Human phase 3 randomized trial
TRIUMPH-1 phase 3 obesity trial
Do the phase 2 weight results hold up in a large, longer trial, and what happens to knee pain and sleep apnea?
- Population / model
- 2,339 adults with obesity and without diabetes, including 574 with knee osteoarthritis and 243 with obstructive sleep apnea.
- Study design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of once-weekly retatrutide at three dose levels for 80 weeks. Primary outcomes: percent weight change, knee-pain score in the osteoarthritis subgroup, and breathing interruptions per hour in the sleep apnea subgroup.
- Finding
- Average weight change was -17.6%, -23.7% and -25.0% across the three retatrutide groups versus -3.9% with placebo. Knee pain and sleep apnea events improved more than with placebo in their subgroups. Gastrointestinal events were the most common adverse events.
- Interpretation
- TRIUMPH-1 confirms the scale of phase 2 weight loss in a population about seven times larger, followed for 80 weeks.
- Limits & context
- Funded by Eli Lilly. Eighty weeks cannot show long-term safety, weight maintenance after stopping, or effects on heart attacks and strokes. Retatrutide remained investigational when checked, and trial results do not verify any seller listing.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2026
Retatrutide · Human phase 3 randomized trial
TRIUMPH-2 phase 3 trial in type 2 diabetes
How much weight do adults with type 2 diabetes lose on retatrutide over 80 weeks?
- Population / model
- 1,152 adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 27 or higher) and type 2 diabetes at 92 centers in eight countries; mean age 55.
- Study design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of once-weekly retatrutide at three dose levels for 80 weeks. Primary outcome: percent weight change.
- Finding
- Average weight change was -11.9%, -16.8% and -18.8% across the three retatrutide groups versus -5.1% with placebo, and 84% of participants completed the study drug. Gastrointestinal events were the most frequent adverse events.
- Interpretation
- Weight loss was smaller than in people without diabetes, a pattern also seen with other incretin medicines.
- Limits & context
- Funded by Eli Lilly. Long-term safety and cardiovascular outcomes need separate trials, and results describe the manufacturer’s study drug only.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2014
Selank · Small human comparative study
Anxiety-disorder comparison
[A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders].
- Population / model
- 60 patients with phobic-anxiety or somatoform disorders.
- Study design
- Selank compared with phenazepam; abstract-level report.
- Finding
- The authors reported anxiety improvement, tolerability, and quality-of-life findings, including effects persisting a week after treatment.
- Limits & context
- The abstract does not adequately resolve allocation, blinding, effect size, or long-term harms. It is not a placebo-controlled replication or proof of routine effectiveness across anxiety disorders.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2008
Selank · Human active-comparator study
Selank versus medazepam · 2008
What does the earlier anxiety report add?
- Population / model
- 62 patients with generalized anxiety disorder or neurasthenia: 30 received Selank and 32 medazepam.
- Study design
- Psychometric assessments and blood enkephalin measurements; PubMed indexes a randomized trial, but the English abstract does not describe allocation concealment or blinding.
- Finding
- The authors reported similar anxiety effects between groups, with additional anti-asthenic and psychostimulant findings for Selank.
- Interpretation
- Similar observed effects are not a formal demonstration of equivalence or noninferiority.
- Limits & context
- No placebo group or numerical effect estimates are described in the abstract. The Russian-language full article needs qualified review. This does not establish effectiveness for every anxiety disorder or safety with other psychiatric medicines.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Semaglutide · Human randomized trial
STEP 1
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.
- Population / model
- 1,961 adults with obesity, or overweight with a weight-related condition, without diabetes.
- Study design
- Semaglutide versus placebo for 68 weeks, alongside lifestyle intervention.
- Finding
- Mean weight change was −14.9% versus −2.4%, a 12.4-percentage-point estimated difference. Gastrointestinal effects were common.
- Limits & context
- These are average results for a specific injectable regimen and trial population. The study is not a comparison with tirzepatide and cannot validate compounded or research-use products.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2023
Semaglutide · Human randomized trial
SELECT cardiovascular outcomes
Did treatment affect cardiovascular events in people without diabetes?
- Population / model
- 17,604 adults aged 45 or older with established cardiovascular disease, BMI at least 27, and no history of diabetes.
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the studied semaglutide formulation; mean follow-up 39.8 months.
- Finding
- Cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack, or nonfatal stroke occurred in 6.5% of the semaglutide group and 8.0% of the placebo group. Hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.90). Adverse events led to permanent treatment discontinuation in 16.6% versus 8.2%.
- Interpretation
- The observed event proportions differ by 1.5 percentage points. The hazard ratio describes relative event rates over follow-up; it is not a 20-percentage-point absolute reduction.
- Limits & context
- This population already had cardiovascular disease. The result does not establish the same benefit in every person seeking weight loss or validate unregulated preparations. Funded by Novo Nordisk.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Semaglutide · Human randomized withdrawal trial
STEP 4 · continuation versus withdrawal
What happened after continuing treatment or switching to placebo?
- Population / model
- 803 adults without diabetes who completed a 20-week semaglutide run-in and reached the studied maintenance regimen; 902 initially entered run-in.
- Study design
- Double-blind randomized withdrawal comparison over a further 48 weeks, with lifestyle intervention in both groups.
- Finding
- From randomization at week 20 to week 68, weight changed by −7.9% with continued semaglutide versus +6.9% after switching to placebo. Gastrointestinal events occurred in 49.1% versus 26.1%.
- Interpretation
- These changes start at randomization, after the initial run-in loss. They are not percentages measured from the original baseline.
- Limits & context
- People unable to reach the regimen during run-in were not randomized. This selected population limits generalization to everyone starting treatment. It is not a trial of tapering or an individualized stopping strategy.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2014
Semax · Rat brain experiment
Ischemia transcriptome study
The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis.
- Population / model
- Rats after experimentally induced focal cerebral ischemia.
- Study design
- Brain-cortex gene expression measured three and 24 hours after arterial occlusion.
- Finding
- Semax altered expression of immune- and vascular-system genes, including chemokine and immunoglobulin-related pathways.
- Limits & context
- Gene-expression changes do not demonstrate improved everyday attention, memory, or mood in healthy humans. The experiment models a brain injury and does not establish a clinical benefit-risk balance.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research1997
Semax · Human comparative study
Semax · early clinical stroke report
What clinical evidence accompanies the animal mechanism research?
- Population / model
- 30 treated patients with acute hemispheric ischemic stroke and 80 controls described as having comparable lesion location and severity.
- Study design
- Clinical scales, EEG, and somatosensory evoked potentials alongside conventional intensive therapy. Randomization and blinding are not stated in the abstract.
- Finding
- The authors reported faster regression of neurological deficits, especially motor impairment, with added Semax; numerical treatment effects and confidence intervals are not provided.
- Interpretation
- A comparative clinical report is a different evidence level from a well-described blinded randomized trial.
- Limits & context
- Unequal groups, unclear allocation, and limited reporting leave substantial uncertainty. The Russian-language methods require review. Acute stroke findings cannot establish memory enhancement in healthy people or modern clinical practice recommendations.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1996
Sermorelin · Human open-label study
Geref pediatric growth study
Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group.
- Population / model
- 110 previously untreated children with growth-hormone deficiency; 86 eligible for efficacy analysis.
- Study design
- Multicenter treatment for up to one year, measuring height velocity and safety.
- Finding
- Average height velocity increased from 4.1 cm/year at baseline to 7.2 cm/year at 12 months.
- Limits & context
- There was no blinded placebo comparison. Growth in hormone-deficient children cannot establish anti-aging, body-composition, or performance benefits in adults.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2020
Setmelanotide · Human open-label phase 3 studies with withdrawal periods
Setmelanotide in POMC or LEPR deficiency
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 10 participants with POMC deficiency and 11 with LEPR deficiency, aged six years or older.
- Study design
- Open-label phase 3 studies with approximately one-year outcomes and blinded withdrawal periods for responders.
- Finding
- At least 10% weight loss was reported in 8 of 10 POMC participants and 5 of 11 LEPR participants.
- Limits & context
- This was not a full-year parallel placebo-controlled comparison. Small, genetically selected cohorts do not establish effectiveness in common obesity.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Animal / mixed laboratory research2024
SNAP-8 · Human comparative cosmetic study
Combination hyaluronic-acid patch for eye wrinkles
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 24 healthy volunteers.
- Study design
- 28-day comparison of opposite eye areas using an active dissolving hyaluronic-acid patch and a hyaluronic-acid placebo patch.
- Finding
- Several wrinkle measurements favored the active combination patch. No adverse events were reported during the short follow-up.
- Limits & context
- This comparison cannot isolate SNAP-8, establish long-term effects, or validate every serum containing acetyl octapeptide-3.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2026
Survodutide · Human randomized trial
SYNCHRONIZE-1
How did weight change over 76 weeks?
- Population / model
- 725 adults without diabetes who had obesity, or overweight with an associated condition.
- Study design
- Double-blind randomized phase 3 trial, two survodutide groups versus placebo, with lifestyle counseling over 76 weeks.
- Finding
- Mean weight changes in the treatment-regimen analysis were −12.2% and −13.0% versus −5.4% with placebo. Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in 80.9%, 89.7%, and 47.9%, respectively.
- Limits & context
- The analysis included treatment discontinuation and other weight-management interventions. Its percentages should not be mixed with results using different estimands. Boehringer Ingelheim funded the study.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2010
TB-500 · Related-peptide mechanistic review
Thymosin beta-4 active regions
Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences.
- Population / model
- Published experimental work on full-length thymosin beta-4 and shorter sequences.
- Study design
- Structure/function synthesis discussing different active regions; not a human clinical trial.
- Finding
- The paper discusses migration and wound-related activity associated with a sequence containing LKKTETQ, alongside other active regions of the parent protein.
- Limits & context
- This is background on related sequences, not direct clinical evidence for a marketed TB-500 preparation. It must not be presented as a human recovery trial.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Related compound / review2015
TB-500 · Related-compound human trial
RGN-259 in severe dry eye — related molecule
What does a small full-length thymosin β4 eye-drop study actually tell us?
- Population / model
- Nine patients with severe dry eye; 12 treated eyes and six control eyes.
- Study design
- Randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled phase 2 trial: 28 days of treatment and follow-up to day 56.
- Finding
- The abstract reported improvements in ocular discomfort and corneal staining at selected assessments, including day 56, with the thymosin β4 formulation.
- Interpretation
- The participants are nine people, not 18 independent people. The studied preparation was RGN-259 eye drops containing full-length thymosin β4.
- Limits & context
- A very small trial with multiple assessments. It does not test a TB-500 fragment, systemic administration, tendon repair, or a seller’s vial. Related-compound evidence must not be presented as a TB-500 clinical trial.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2012
Teduglutide · Human randomized trial
STEPS
Teduglutide reduces need for parenteral support among patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure.
- Population / model
- 86 patients with short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure requiring parenteral support.
- Study design
- Twenty-four-week placebo-controlled study with protocol-guided support reductions.
- Finding
- A reduction of more than 20% in support volume at weeks 20 and 24 occurred in 63% versus 30%. Mean weekly volume reduction was 4.4 versus 2.3 liters.
- Limits & context
- A response did not necessarily mean complete independence from IV support. The outcome is specific to intestinal failure, not general gut symptoms or appetite control.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2001
Teriparatide · Human randomized trial
Fracture Prevention Trial
Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
- Population / model
- 1,637 postmenopausal women with prior vertebral fractures.
- Study design
- Two PTH(1–34) groups versus placebo; median observation 21 months.
- Finding
- New vertebral fractures occurred in 14% with placebo versus 5% and 4% in the active groups. Bone mineral density also increased.
- Limits & context
- This is fracture-prevention evidence in osteoporosis. It does not establish accelerated healing of every sports injury or benefit in people with normal bone density.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Terlipressin · Human randomized trial
CONFIRM
Did hepatorenal-syndrome reversal improve, and what happened to mortality?
- Population / model
- 300 adults with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome, randomized 199 to terlipressin and 101 to placebo.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; albumin was strongly recommended in both groups.
- Finding
- Verified hepatorenal-syndrome reversal occurred in 32% versus 17%. At 90 days, deaths occurred in 51% versus 45%; respiratory-disorder deaths occurred in 11% versus 2%.
- Limits & context
- Improvement in the specified kidney-function endpoint did not demonstrate a survival advantage. Serious respiratory harms are essential context for the result.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2007
Tesamorelin · Human randomized trial
HIV-associated abdominal-fat trial
Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV.
- Population / model
- 412 people with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation; 86% were men.
- Study design
- Twenty-six-week placebo-controlled study.
- Finding
- Visceral fat decreased 15.2% with tesamorelin and increased 5.0% with placebo. Some lipid measures also improved. IGF-I increased by 81.0% versus a 5.0% decrease with placebo. More tesamorelin recipients withdrew because of adverse events, despite no significant overall adverse-event difference.
- Limits & context
- Visceral-fat change is not the same as total body-weight loss. The trial population and HIV-associated condition are central; long-term cardiovascular benefit was not established by this endpoint.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2019
Tesamorelin · Human randomized trial
HIV-associated fatty-liver trial
Did liver fat change in people with HIV and fatty liver?
- Population / model
- 61 people with HIV and a hepatic fat fraction of at least 5% were enrolled; the abstract reports 30 receiving tesamorelin and 30 placebo.
- Study design
- Double-blind multicenter placebo comparison for 12 months, followed by a six-month open-label phase. The primary endpoint was liver fat fraction measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
- Finding
- The between-group effect on hepatic fat fraction was −4.1 percentage points (95% CI −7.6 to −0.7), corresponding to a 37% relative reduction from baseline. Liver fat fraction fell below 5% in 35% versus 4%. Fasting glucose and HbA1c changes did not differ between groups at 12 months.
- Interpretation
- An absolute percentage-point change in liver fat and a relative percentage reduction are different quantities. Neither describes a 37% loss of body weight.
- Limits & context
- The population had HIV and fatty liver; generalization beyond this group is unestablished. The primary result concerns liver fat, not proof of fewer cirrhosis complications or longer survival. The abstract calls for longer-term histology studies.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2003
Thymalin · Human clinical report with limited abstract methods
Thymalin and Epithalamin in older adults
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 266 elderly participants in a reported six-to-eight-year follow-up.
- Study design
- Clinical report of extract-treatment groups; randomization, blinding, and baseline comparability were not established from the abstract.
- Finding
- The authors reported lower illness and mortality measures in treated groups.
- Limits & context
- Limited accessible methods and multiple preparations prevent a strong causal interpretation. Reported associations should not be presented as proof of lifespan extension.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1985
Thymopentin · Human randomized trial
Thymopentin rheumatoid-arthritis study
Did clinical and immunological rheumatoid-arthritis measures change?
- Population / model
- 41 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis; 21 received thymopentin and 20 received placebo.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study over three weeks.
- Finding
- Some joint, pain, and Ritchie-index measures improved between groups. The reported immunological tests did not show corresponding improvements.
- Limits & context
- The trial was small, short, and historical. It does not establish sustained disease control, prevention of structural joint damage, or benefit across unrelated immune conditions.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2025
Thymosin alpha-1 · Human phase 3 trial
TESTS
The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial.
- Population / model
- 1,106 adults with sepsis randomized across 22 centers in China.
- Study design
- Blinded placebo-controlled trial; 1,089 participants in the modified intention-to-treat analysis.
- Finding
- Twenty-eight-day mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1%; hazard ratio 0.99 (95% CI 0.77–1.27). No clear mortality benefit was demonstrated.
- Limits & context
- A large negative overall result should not be replaced by favorable subgroup headlines. Sepsis treatment also differs substantially from immune-enhancement claims in healthy people.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2015
Thymosin beta-4 · Human randomized trial
RGN-259 dry-eye phase 2 study
Did ophthalmic treatment meet the primary dry-eye endpoints?
- Population / model
- 72 people with moderate to severe dry eye.
- Study design
- Randomized double-masked placebo-controlled phase 2 ophthalmic study over 28 days.
- Finding
- Neither primary endpoint—ocular discomfort nor inferior corneal staining at day 29—showed a statistically significant treatment benefit. Some secondary outcomes favored treatment.
- Limits & context
- Secondary findings should be interpreted alongside failure of the primary endpoints. The ophthalmic route and dry-eye population do not establish safety or efficacy of systemic use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research
Thymosin beta-4 · Human phase 2 randomized trial
RGN-259 · small severe dry-eye trial
What did a small ophthalmic experiment report?
- Population / model
- Nine patients with severe dry eye; the abstract reports outcomes for 12 treated eyes and six control eyes.
- Study design
- Two-site double-masked vehicle-controlled trial: 28 days of eye drops and another 28 days of follow-up.
- Finding
- At day 56, the reported reductions relative to vehicle were 35.1% for ocular discomfort and 59.1% for total corneal fluorescein staining. Treatment was described as well tolerated.
- Interpretation
- Eyes and patients are different units; 18 eyes do not mean 18 independent participants.
- Limits & context
- Very small sample and multiple assessment times limit confidence. Read beside the larger 72-person trial, which missed its primary endpoints. Ophthalmic findings do not establish systemic injury recovery or equivalence to TB-500 fragments.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research1988
Thymulin · Human physiological study
Zinc status and thymulin activity
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 14 participants across experimentally induced zinc deficiency, sickle-cell anemia, and other clinical groups.
- Study design
- Small physiological comparisons with zinc-related interventions and laboratory restoration experiments.
- Finding
- Thymulin activity was lower in zinc-deficient settings and was restored with zinc in the reported in-vivo and in-vitro experiments.
- Limits & context
- These findings do not establish clinical benefit from injecting thymulin or treating people who are not zinc deficient.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2022
Tirzepatide · Human randomized trial
SURMOUNT-1
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity.
- Population / model
- 2,539 adults with obesity, or overweight and a weight-related complication, without diabetes.
- Study design
- Seventy-two-week blinded placebo-controlled study with gradual escalation.
- Finding
- Mean weight reductions were 15.0%, 19.5%, and 20.9% across active groups versus 3.1% with placebo. Gastrointestinal effects were common.
- Limits & context
- This trial cannot be compared directly with STEP 1 as if participants were randomized between the two drugs. Outcomes depend on population, duration, regimen, and handling of discontinuation.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Tirzepatide · Human randomized trial
SURPASS-2 direct comparison in type 2 diabetes
How did the studied tirzepatide regimens compare with semaglutide in this diabetes trial?
- Population / model
- 1,879 patients with type 2 diabetes; mean baseline HbA1c 8.28%.
- Study design
- Open-label randomized phase 3 trial lasting 40 weeks. Three tirzepatide groups were compared with semaglutide 1 mg weekly.
- Finding
- Mean HbA1c fell by 2.01–2.30 percentage points in the tirzepatide groups and 1.86 with semaglutide. Weight reductions were greater with tirzepatide; between-group differences ranged from 1.9 to 5.5 kg. Gastrointestinal adverse effects were common.
- Interpretation
- This is a direct comparison, but only for its actual regimens, population, and outcomes. HbA1c percentage points and percentage weight change are different measures.
- Limits & context
- Open-label design; the semaglutide comparator was 1 mg, not the 2.4 mg obesity regimen. It is not a universal ranking across all products or doses. Funded by Eli Lilly.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2024
Tirzepatide · Human randomized withdrawal trial
SURMOUNT-4 · continuation versus withdrawal
Was initial weight reduction maintained after switching to placebo?
- Population / model
- 670 adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes who completed a 36-week open-label lead-in; 783 initially enrolled.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind comparison of continued tirzepatide with placebo for another 52 weeks, alongside diet and activity.
- Finding
- After a mean 20.9% reduction during lead-in, weight changed by −5.5% with continued treatment versus +14.0% with placebo from week 36 to week 88. At least 80% of the lead-in loss was maintained by 89.5% versus 16.6%.
- Interpretation
- The randomized-period change and the total change from enrollment use different baselines. They should not be conflated.
- Limits & context
- Only lead-in completers were randomized. Gastrointestinal events were more common with continued treatment. This does not determine an individual stopping plan or prove that every patient will regain the same amount.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2014
Triptorelin · Human randomized combination-treatment trials
Combined TEXT / SOFT analysis
How did two endocrine strategies compare when both included ovarian suppression?
- Population / model
- 4,690 premenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer in the combined analysis.
- Study design
- Randomized comparison of exemestane plus ovarian suppression with tamoxifen plus ovarian suppression. Suppression was achieved using triptorelin, surgery, or irradiation.
- Finding
- Five-year disease-free survival was 91.1% versus 87.3%: hazard ratio 0.72. Overall survival was not significantly different.
- Limits & context
- The randomized contrast was between endocrine-treatment strategies. Because ovarian suppression had multiple methods, the outcome difference cannot be attributed to triptorelin alone.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2008
Vasopressin · Human randomized trial
VASST
Did vasopressin reduce overall mortality versus norepinephrine?
- Population / model
- 778 patients with septic shock who were already receiving vasopressors.
- Study design
- Randomized blinded comparison of vasopressin and norepinephrine, with 28- and 90-day mortality outcomes.
- Finding
- Mortality at 28 days was 35.4% versus 39.3% (P=0.26). At 90 days it was 43.9% versus 49.6% (P=0.11). Neither overall comparison was statistically significant.
- Limits & context
- An apparent subgroup difference in less severe shock does not establish overall mortality superiority. Critical-care treatment context limits application to other populations.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2023
VIP · Human randomized trial
TESICO aviptadil trial
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 461 people with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure.
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled trial with a 90-day ordinal clinical outcome.
- Finding
- The primary outcome was not significantly better with aviptadil: odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.80–1.55, P=0.54. Mortality was also not significantly different.
- Limits & context
- This negative comparison should remain visible. It neither proves benefit nor answers every proposed chronic use of VIP.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2022
VIP · Human randomized trial
Aviptadil · earlier respiratory-failure trial
How should the earlier favorable survival signal be read?
- Population / model
- 196 patients with critical COVID-19 respiratory failure at ten U.S. hospitals.
- Study design
- Multicenter placebo comparison with a 60-day endpoint; participants randomized 2:1.
- Finding
- The primary outcome—alive without respiratory failure—did not reach statistical significance: OR 1.6 (95% CI 0.86–3.11). A separate survival result favored aviptadil: OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.1–3.9).
- Interpretation
- A favorable separate outcome does not turn a missed primary endpoint into a positive primary trial.
- Limits & context
- Secondary and subgroup signals need confirmation. Read this beside the later TESICO trial; differences in design and populations prevent selective use of favorable headlines. Neither trial establishes general wellness use of VIP.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2020
Vosoritide · Human randomized phase 3 trial
Vosoritide in children with achondroplasia
What did this publication test, and what did it find?
- Population / model
- 121 children aged five to under 18 years with achondroplasia.
- Study design
- 52-week randomized masked phase 3 study: 60 received vosoritide and 61 placebo.
- Finding
- Adjusted annualized growth velocity was 1.57 cm/year higher with vosoritide, with a 95% CI of 1.22–1.93 cm/year.
- Limits & context
- This report did not establish final adult height or long-term functional outcomes. It does not apply to healthy adults with closed growth plates.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2024
Vosoritide · Human randomized trial
Vosoritide · children younger than five
What happened in the younger-child trial?
- Population / model
- 75 children aged 3–59 months with achondroplasia: 11 sentinel participants and 64 randomized participants.
- Study design
- 52-week double-blind placebo comparison with safety and height Z-score outcomes.
- Finding
- The between-group height Z-score difference was 0.25 (95% CI −0.02 to 0.53). Adverse events occurred in all participants, mostly injection-site reactions; a death occurred in the treated group.
- Interpretation
- The confidence interval includes no difference. Listing an event in the treated group does not establish drug causation.
- Limits & context
- Small groups, young age, and one-year follow-up limit precision and assessment of uncommon harms. Growth measures do not establish improvement in every complication of achondroplasia. BioMarin funded the trial.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2021
Vosoritide · Human open-label extension
Vosoritide · two-year extension
Did the growth signal continue after the blinded trial?
- Population / model
- Children completing a phase 3 achondroplasia trial; the abstract does not provide the extension sample size.
- Study design
- All extension participants received vosoritide, including children crossing over from placebo.
- Finding
- Annual growth velocity in the originally treated group was 4.26 cm/year at baseline, 5.39 at week 52, and 5.52 at week 104. No new adverse effects were detected in the reported period.
- Interpretation
- Growth velocity describes a rate; it is not a measure of final adult height.
- Limits & context
- The extension lacks a concurrent placebo group and includes trial completers. No new detected effects is not proof of absence of rare or long-term harms.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Human research2004
Ziconotide · Human randomized trial
Ziconotide refractory-pain randomized trial
Did intrathecal ziconotide reduce refractory pain versus placebo?
- Population / model
- 111 patients with refractory pain due to cancer or AIDS, studied at 32 centers.
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled intrathecal study with a short titration period and a five-day maintenance phase.
- Finding
- Mean visual-analog pain-intensity improvement was 53.1% with ziconotide versus 18.1% with placebo.
- Limits & context
- The study was short and examined a specialized delivery route in a severely affected population. It cannot establish long-term benefit-risk or a general injury-recovery use.
Selected abstract-level summary · Source checked 2026-10-04 · Not reviewed by a medical professional.
Peps