PepsSupplement & non-peptide directory
Popular supplements and non-peptide research compounds, with what the best available study actually found, including when it found nothing. Every entry links to its source.
How to read this directory
Evidence labels describe the featured study, not whether a product works for you. Supplements are not reviewed by the FDA for effectiveness before sale, and nothing here is medical advice. Research compounds marked "not a dietary supplement" are not intended for human use.
Energy & cellular aging
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)Early human evidenceNAD+ precursorNMN is a building block the body uses to make NAD+. A 10-week trial in postmenopausal women with prediabetes found better muscle insulin sensitivity with NMN than with placebo.Nicotinamide riboside (NR)Early human evidenceDietary supplement · NAD+ precursor (vitamin B3 form)Nicotinamide riboside is a vitamin B3 form that raises NAD+ in the blood. A small crossover trial in healthy middle-aged and older adults found it well tolerated.Urolithin AEarly human evidenceDietary supplement · gut-microbiome metaboliteUrolithin A is made by gut bacteria from compounds in pomegranates and berries. In a 4-month trial in older adults, its two main outcomes did not beat placebo, though muscle endurance improved.TaurineAnimal & cell research onlyDietary supplement · amino sulfonic acidA 2023 study found taurine levels fall with age in mice, monkeys and people, and that taurine extended healthy life in animals. Whether it slows aging in humans is untested.KlothoAnimal & cell research onlyResearch protein · "longevity factor" (not a dietary supplement)Klotho is a protein linked to longevity in animals. A 2023 study found that a single low-dose injection improved memory in aged monkeys. It has not been tested in people.
Sleep & calm
MelatoninModerate human evidenceDietary supplement (U.S.) · sleep hormoneAcross 19 placebo-controlled trials, melatonin helped people with primary sleep disorders fall asleep a few minutes faster and sleep slightly longer. The effects were real but modest.MagnesiumLimited human evidenceDietary supplement · essential mineralMagnesium is widely sold as a sleep aid, but the controlled evidence in older adults with insomnia is thin: three small trials of low quality.
Muscle & performance
Creatine monohydrateStrong human evidenceDietary supplement · amino-acid derivativeCreatine is one of the most studied sports supplements. Pooled trials in adults under 50 show a modest added gain in lean mass when it is combined with resistance training.L-CarnitineModerate human evidenceDietary supplement · amino-acid derivativeL-carnitine helps carry fat into mitochondria for energy. Across 37 trials it produced a small drop in body weight, mostly in adults with overweight or obesity.AICARAnimal & cell research onlyResearch compound · AMPK activator (not a dietary supplement)AICAR switches on AMPK, a cellular energy sensor. In a 2008 mouse study, four weeks of AICAR raised running endurance even in mice that did not exercise.
Heart & metabolic
Vitamin D3Strong human evidenceDietary supplement · vitaminIn VITAL, one of the largest supplement trials ever run, daily vitamin D3 did not lower the risk of cancer or major heart events in older U.S. adults.Omega-3 fish oilStrong human evidenceDietary supplement · fatty acidsIn the same VITAL trial, daily marine omega-3 did not significantly reduce major heart events or cancer, although heart attacks were lower in a secondary analysis.Coenzyme Q10Moderate human evidenceDietary supplement · mitochondrial cofactorStatins lower the body's CoQ10, and some people on statins report muscle aches. Pooled small trials found CoQ10 eased those muscle symptoms compared with placebo.SLU-PP-332Animal & cell research onlyResearch compound · estrogen-related receptor agonist (not a dietary supplement)SLU-PP-332 is a lab-made "exercise mimetic" that activates estrogen-related receptors. In obese mice it increased energy use and reduced fat. It has never been tested in people.
Skin & joints
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