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Weight & metabolism research

Conceptual illustration for Weight & metabolism

Appetite, blood sugar, and energy metabolism.

This topic groups related research questions. Shared biology does not make different peptides interchangeable, or establish a clinical benefit. Compare each paper’s population, preparation, and measured outcome.

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule studied as an inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). Its featured evidence concerns cultured adipocytes and obese mice, rather than demonstrated weight loss in people.

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Adipotide

Adipotide is a peptidomimetic designed to target blood vessels in adipose tissue. Its featured study reported weight-related changes in obese monkeys and also identified kidney effects.

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AOD-9604

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of growth hormone investigated for metabolic effects. Animal experiments and the later human obesity program tell different parts of its story.

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Cagrilintide

Cagrilintide is an amylin analogue investigated for weight management. Its evidence must be separated from evidence for combinations containing it.

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Dulaglutide

Dulaglutide, marketed as Trulicity, is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist used in type 2 diabetes care. Its research includes blood-sugar control and cardiovascular outcomes.

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Efpeglenatide

Efpeglenatide is an exendin-based GLP-1 receptor agonist. AMPLITUDE-O examined cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in a high-risk type 2 diabetes population.

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Exenatide

Exenatide is an incretin medicine used in type 2 diabetes. Short-acting and extended-release products need to be distinguished when reading evidence.

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Ghrelin

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone involved in appetite signaling. A small human crossover experiment found higher food intake after an acute infusion.

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Glucagon

Glucagon is a hormone medicine used to raise dangerously low blood glucose. It serves a different role from medicines aimed at lowering glucose or weight.

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HGH Fragment 176-191

HGH Fragment 176-191 is a label for a growth-hormone C-terminal fragment. The selected primary paper studied the related 177-191 fragment, so it is background evidence rather than confirmation of the exact 176-191 product.

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Human insulin

Human insulin replaces or supplements insulin activity in diabetes. Different formulations have different onset and duration, making product identity especially important.

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L-Carnosine

L-Carnosine is a dipeptide investigated in metabolic and cellular research. A small oral-supplement pilot examined insulin and glucose-related measures in adults without diabetes.

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Liraglutide

Liraglutide is an incretin medicine with distinct diabetes and weight-management product contexts. Its benefits should be tied to the exact indication and population.

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Lixisenatide

Lixisenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist. ELIXA studied cardiovascular safety in people with type 2 diabetes who had recently experienced an acute coronary event.

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Mazdutide

Mazdutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist studied for weight management. GLORY-1 tested it in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity.

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MK-677

MK-677, or ibutamoren, is a small-molecule ghrelin mimetic. A trial in older adults found increased fat-free mass without an improvement in strength or physical function.

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MOTS-c

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide studied as a mitochondrial signal. Its metabolic research is frequently discussed alongside exercise and aging.

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Nesfatin-1

Nesfatin-1 is a NUCB2-derived peptide investigated in feeding regulation. Its foundational evidence involved central administration and signaling experiments in rats.

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Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y is an endogenous signaling peptide involved in feeding circuitry. The selected mouse study examined NPY-related neurons and feeding behavior rather than a clinical peptide treatment.

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Nisotirostide

Nisotirostide is a selective NPY2 receptor agonist investigated as an adjunct to GLP-1 treatment. The selected publication combines laboratory experiments with a small phase 1 human study.

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Orexin-A

Orexin-A, also known as hypocretin-1, is a hypothalamic signaling peptide. The foundational paper identified orexin peptides and receptors and studied feeding responses in rats.

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Pemvidutide

Pemvidutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist investigated in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Its liver-biopsy outcomes should be separated from weight-loss claims.

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Peptide YY

Peptide YY is a gut-hormone family involved in feeding regulation. The selected trial studied PYY3-36 alone and with GLP-1; the combined result should not be described as a proven PYY-alone effect.

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Pramlintide

Pramlintide is an adjunctive diabetes medicine used with mealtime insulin in selected patients. It does not replace insulin.

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Retatrutide

Retatrutide is a triple-receptor agonist investigated for obesity and related metabolic conditions. Its trial identity differs from unverified coded seller listings.

Investigational

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Semaglutide

Semaglutide is an incretin medicine with product-specific uses in diabetes, weight management, and other defined conditions. Brand and formulation matter.

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Setmelanotide

Setmelanotide is a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist studied in rare genetic forms of obesity. The featured trials enrolled people with POMC or LEPR deficiency, rather than general-population obesity.

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Survodutide

Survodutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist. A 2026 phase 3 publication reports weight outcomes in adults with obesity or overweight without diabetes.

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Tesamorelin

Tesamorelin is a prescription peptide for excess abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. It is not a general weight-loss medicine.

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Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide is a dual-incretin medicine with distinct product and indication contexts. Its clinical-trial material is not interchangeable with a research-use vial.

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